Link Between Social Class and Health Inequalities

Link Between Social Class and Health Inequalities The Relationship Between Social Class and Health Inequalities Introduction The birth of the NHS in 1948 was greeted with considerable optimism. It was believed that a fully comprehensive welfare state where people had their needs taken care of from the cradle to the grave would bridge the gap between the haves and the have nots. Governments were optimistic that increasing social equity would lead to a healthy and long living population, it was not envisaged that demands on the health system would increase rather than decrease. Those who founded the NHS believed that a lot of people were ill because they could not afford to pay for healthcare. This group had got bigger over the years and it was believed that once the backlog had been dealt with then there would be a reduction in the number of people who needed health care (Moore, 2002). However, instead of decreasing the number of people using the NHS continued to grow, this was partly because the idea of what constitutes good health changes over time. People demanded better and higher standards of healthcar e and medical advancements meant that conditions that people would have died from could now be cured. All of this cost money, more money than the founders of the health system had ever envisaged and therefore the health service lurched from one financial crisis to the next with its biggest shake up occurring in 1990. During the last twenty years there have been significant changes in healthcare policy making and in the way in which the NHS operates. Most of these changes have occurred because of politician’s concerns over the rising cost of public health. In the 1980s Margaret Thatcher’s Government introduced marketing and business strategies into the NHS to control expenditure on healthcare and to change the health service. The most important factor here was that of the internal market. Rather than health professionals and patients it was now purchasers and providers of healthcare. This created a two tier system that created inequalities between hospitals and between patients. It split the NHS into competing NHS Trust organisations and parts of the health service were privatised. In 1990 the Community Care Act came into force and many people who were previously institutionalised were released into the community. Most of this type of care is undertaken by social services in conjunction with the health service and with voluntary organisations. The Act placed extra burdens on families to care for ageing or disabled relatives (Walsh et al, 2000). Opponents of the system argued that marketisation would lead to greater inequalities in healthcare provision and the poorer sections of society would be even worse off. It is arguably the case that the people most affected by these changes have been those in the lower classes of society. At the start of the 1970s the mortality rate for working men in the lowest social class was twice as high as for those in the highest, but by the late 1990s the figure was three times higher. This was mainly due to a decrease in the mortality rate for the most well off members where between 1970 and 1990 the rate fell by 30% but only by 10% for members of the lower class (Walsh et al, 2000). The Conservative Government’s failure to address the recommendations of the report commissioned by them to investigate the relationship between social class and health inequalities has meant that class inequalities in the standard mortality rate and the rate of morbidity continue to be matters of substantial concern, and thus, areas for continuing research. Epidemology Epidemology is the study of health across populations rather than in the individual. It studies diseases and their spread, and how to control them. Within the study of health and illness social class is associated with physical risk factors including birth weight and obesity. It is also associated with economic factors and standards of housing and with the social and familial structure.There are detectable patterns of morbidity or illness associated with social class and death or mortality rate statistics also vary widely depending on a person’s class. Those who belong to the higher (capitalist) classes tend to live longer than those who are members of the working class. There is also a strong relationship between a person’s occupation and their life expectancy.[1] Standard Mortality Rates Browne and Bottrill (1999) have identified some of the major inequalities in health and they contend that unskilled manual workers are twice as likely to die before the age of 65 as are white collar workers in the highest class. Analysis for life expectancy differences across England and Wales from 1972-1999 found that there had been a noticeable growth in inequality in this area. During 1997-1999 males in professional occupations tended to live 7.4 years longer than males in unskilled manual occupations. The differences for women in the same period and with respect to the same categories had risen to 5.7 years from 5.3 years in the period 1972-76 There are also regional differences, males born in Glasgow between 1999 and 2001 have a life expectancy of 69 years whereas males born in North Dorset may expect to live until they are 79. Cause of death also varies by social class the major areas of health which showed such differences were, Ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease , respiratory diseases andlung cancer. Semi-skilled and unskilled workers were five and half times more likely to die of respiratory diseases between the period 1986-1999 than were managerial and professional workers. Patterns of limiting illness are also affected by social factors such as class. Forty three percent of all men were long term unemployed or had never worked and this group were five times more likely to suffer from limiting illnesses than were the nine percent that consisted of males in professional and managerial positions. During the twentieth century, as a result of improved living conditions and availability of healthcare, infant mortality had fallen substantially this is a useful indicator of the state of the nation’s health. Nevertheless differences do exist based on the economic status of fathers, birthweight, and mother’s country of birth. There was a 16% overall fall in infant mortality between 1994 and 2002 for babies whose fathers were in managerial and professional occupations, the mortality rate was highest among those babies who were registered by single mothers, for babies registered by both parents but whose fathers were in routine occupations, this fall was only 5%. The different rates within a thousand births across England and Wales are shown in figure 1 below. The figures for the standard mortality rate, although lower than previous periods in the twentieth century, tend to show a noticeable increase during the late nineteen nineties. Morbidity Rates Asthana et al (no date given)[3] undertook secondary analysis of the 1991-97 Health Survey for England found that there is a strong relationship between class and morbidity rates, although this is sometimes overshadowed by the effects of age The researchers also looked at other studies undertaken between 1984 and 2002 and again found a strong relationship between social class and self-reported morbidity. The study found that health inequalities by social class were not usually not the same for men as for women and concluded that there needed to be a separate class analysis by gender. The relationship between class and health inequalities therefore will vary by sex and will vary significantly by age. The study focussed on 16+ with respect to age and class was determined by the occupation of the head of the household. The study found that the impact of class differences was lower for the lower age groups, particularly those between 16 and 25.[4] For every one professional man who suffe rs and later die from coronary heart disease there are three unskilled workers who suffer the same. Manual workers make up 42% of the workforce but account for 72% of work related accidents. Obesity is a killer and twice the number (28%) of women in unskilled work compared to 14% of professional women were obese, and suffered from related symptoms.[5] Stomach cancer also varied with 2.2% of professionals suffering from this and 3% of manual workers, the figures were the same for cancer of the oesophagus. However deaths from cancer (of the alimentary system) varied widely. McCormak et al (1995) found that there was a strong positive relationship between social class and incidences of musculoskeletal disease such as osteoporosis. People of the lower social class were also at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes (Ismail et al, 1999).Littlejohns and Macdonald (1993) identified a strong link between social class and respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, more unskilled workers tended to suffer in this way than did those from the professional classes. There is a strong relationship between class and angina between the 45-75 age group and this increases with age. The difference is less marked for women but tends to peak in the age band 45-54.[6] There is quite a significant class difference between women suffering from raised blood pressure, 17% of professional women reported this condition whereas in unskilled occupations 24% of women said they suffered from hypertension.[7] People from the higher social class may be healthier because they tend to use medical services more often and also because they are more likely to eat a healthy diet. Most studies tend to take the view that although reported morbidity appears to have increased across the population generally the relationship between morbidity and social class has tended to remain much the same for the last ten years. Strategies to Deal with Inequalities Between Social Groups There have been a number of strategies that the Government has introduced since 1998 to combat ill health. In 2005 the Government published a report entitled Tackling Health Inequalities in an attempt to deal with the inequalities evident between different social groups. The Public Service Agreement states that by 2010 the Government will publish a progress report on whether and in what ways the measures to tackle health inequalities have been successful. In 1998 the Government introduced Health Action Zones and twenty six of them were set up in 1999 in under-privileged areas, and where the health status of the population was particularly low. The notion behind the introduction of these zones was that tackling ill health and inequalities in health was not just a job for the NHS but should be tackled by different agencies such as social services, local housing departments and primary health trusts working together to combat inequalities and improve health. Health Action Zones work in two ways, firstly they try to reduce health inequalities by addressing the wider factors associated with ill health and secondly they attempt to improve the quality of health services and increase the access to them. There is, for example a strong link between asthma and cold, damp housing, one health action zone made improvements to heating systems, insulation and damp proofing in council and private homes where children had asthma. As a result of this th ere was a reduction of hospital admissions for children with asthma and they also had less time off school (Moore, 2002). The Government also introduced something called NHS Direct, a telephone based helpline which gives advice to people who are unsure what to do about a health problem. The line not only makes health advice more accessible but in the long run saves money on unnecessary doctor or hospital appointments. NHS walk in centres are located in shopping centres and supermarkets as well as by the side of AE Departments. They are staffed by nurses who give advice and treat minor health problems (Moore, 2002). In 2002 the Government set targets to reduce health outcome inequalities by 2010 with the standards of measurement being the infant mortality rate and the life expectancy rate overall. This standard was chosen because the long term trend in the gap in mortality between professional and manual workers evidenced the fact that it had increased by two and a half times since the period 1930-32. The latest figures on infant mortality and life expectancy show a continuing of widening inequality in t hose areas with the routine and manual work group being 19% higher than the total population in the period 2001-3. Certainly the Government are aware in this report that class inequalities are in health are a result of a number of inter-related factors including diet and housing. Government claim to have invested in the area of housing so that there are less people living in housing that is not suitable to positive health outcomes. They have also taken steps to ensure that vulnerable groups can afford to heat their homes properly in winter. In their 2005 Report the Government say that their efforts to reduce child poverty are showing signs of success and that this will also contribute to children from less well off families having better health. The report claims that the number of deaths from heart disease and strokes is falling, that health inequalities generally are being reduced, and that the gap between disadvantaged areas and the country as a whole has fallen by 22% over the last six years. The Government aims to develop its Healthy Schools Programme in the most deprived communities which are measured by the number of children in receipt of free school meals.[8] The introduction of Sure Start Centres and Healthy Living Centres provide pre-school education for nearly half a million children under four at over five hundred local centres and delivering health and social services to hard to reach groups. Government have increased their campaign to get people to give up smoking with massive advertising campaigns, smoki ng clinics and a ban on smoking in bars and restaurants comes into force in the summer of 2007. Community and school initiatives to back the five a day campaign for consumption of more fruit and vegetables shows that class five families are eating more than similar families in other areas. The report claims that all new policy proposals by government departments also have to take into account health impacts and also how that might have an effect on health inequalities. There are some indications to assume that the gap in health outcomes is beginning to narrow, teenage pregnancies are beginning to fall and there has been an increase in the take up of flue vaccine among vulnerable groups since 2002. Local exercise action plans have been set up in some disadvantaged areas to encourage people to take more exercise and Government have managed to provide intermediate care for more people. Government seem to be taking a much more integrated approach to the problem, an approach which rests on the findings of the Acheson Report. The Acheson Report The Acheson Report needs to be seen in its historical context. In 1978 the Tory Government commissioned the Black Report to investigate the health of the nation. The Report was published in 1980 its brief had been to examine the reasons behind inequalities in health between different groups of people so that policy could be tailored to meet health needs. The report found that there were significant and worrying differences in health outcomes between the social classes. Research has come up with a number of different explanations for the relationship between social class and health inequalities. These are: Artefact explanations The artefact explanation is based on the argument that the growing gap between the classes is the result of a misreading of the statistics and claims for any relationship between the two should be treated with suspicion. Social Selection explanations The social selection explanation is that people who are in poor health are more likely to be unemployed or in low paid work whereas those who are healthy are more likely to have better jobs and living conditions. Cultural explanations Cultural explanations identify consumption and lifestyle as the main causes of poor health. Thus the individual must take responsibility for the sake of their health. Certainly some government campaigns have planted the suggestion that a change in lifestyle can leader to better health and greater longevity (Walsh et al, 2000). Material explanations Materialist explanations regard the cause of health inequalities as the result of wider structures of power, poor working conditions, low pay and associated living standards such as bad diet and poor housing and lack of education. The Black Report concentrated heavily on materialist explanations of health inequality. It recommended that there was a need for a more effective anti-poverty strategy and for better education to combat such inequalities. Since that time there has been a considerable amount of subsequent research e.g. Macintyre (1997) that supported these recommendations, but Margaret Thatcher dismissed the findings on the basis that its recommendations were unworkable because of the amount of public expenditure that would be required to do this. The Conservative Government concentrated on cultural explanations and placed an emphasis on individual life style choices as being the result of inequalities in health. The Black Report was highly influential on later health research and its findings have been used extensively to measure inequalities. Almost twenty years later in 1997 the Labour Government commissioned a similar report, the Acheson Enquiry. The resultant Acheson Report, published in 1998, also recognised the wider factors that contributed to the relationship between class and inequalities in health. The Acheson Report reiterated the fact that materialist explanations of ill health recognise the wider context of material deprivation and inequalities can only be reduced by addressing its root causes. Thus the Report recommended that any attempt at policy making across government departments had to pay attention to any particular health impacts, particularly as they affected those who were disenfranchised, and to legislate in favour of the less well off. The Report argued that the Government take an approach that used what it called both ‘upstream’ and ‘downstreamâ⠂¬â„¢ approaches. Upstream work is characterised by initiatives such as Health Action Zones which attempts to improve health and reduce inequalities by working on the wider factors that contribute to poor health, such as insufficient income and poor standards of housing. There was a particular focus on the inequalities that faced young families and pensioners. There was a recommendation that an automatic Income Support top-up be paid to the poorest pensioners, i.e. those totally reliant on the state pension and who might not recognise their entitlement to further benefits. Such people are also at risk of what the report termed fuel poverty and they may feel unable to heat their homes properly. Government have now substantially increased winter fuel payments to all pensioners in an attempt to lessen inequality in this area. The Acheson Report recommended that there should be an increase in benefits for parents with young children, or a decent living wage for those in unskilled occupa tions, because bringing up a young child entailed more expense than when children got older. The Report also recommended that Government should address housing problems to ensure that people at the lower end of the social scale had decent living conditions. These recommendations were taken on board by the current government who have made inroads into addressing inadequate housing, have introduced a national minimum wage, and have restructured the tax and benefits system. Downstream work is connected with improvements in the NHS and easier access to health services, particularly in deprived areas. The Government has also made inroads in this are through the use of NHS Direct, Sure Start Centres, and Healthy Living Centres. There were recommendations that health inequalities should be monitored and should take account of those groups who were often ignored in policy making, those from ethnic groups and in particular women who for too long had been seen only in terms of their husbands class and occupation.[9] It was further recommended that Government improve conditions for pregnant mothers and for all women of child bearing age to reduce health inequalities and inequalities in infant mortality rates. Conclusion Medical researchers and social scientists investigate why people have poor health, what factors contribute to this and what might be necessary to improve people’s health. Social scientists in particular are interested in all aspects of social life and in the structures that govern society. They investigate why some people have better health than others, why we are a society of rich and poor stratified into classes, and what the wider social effects of the inequalities that result from stratification might be. This paper has looked at epidemiological evidence which indicates a strong and enduring relationship between class and health inequalities. It has found that when the aims of the welfare state for healthy nation and an end to inequity were not realised and Governments found the cost of providing healthcare for all was spiralling out of control. The answer has been, what some people describe as a gradual dismantling of the welfare state and of the health service. However, while such policies may have had adverse effects New Labour’s response to the recommendations of the Acheson Report offsets some of these effects and demonstrates an integrated attempt to reduce the inequalities in health outcomes that exist between social classes. Things are not yet on the decline but there is evidence to suggest that life expectancy and morbidity figures have remained much the same for the last ten years. With new policies coming into play, and Government promises to substantially reduce health inequalities by 2010 it might be said that there is some cause for optimism that the most worrying of these inequalities may, in the future, be satisfactorily addressed. References Acheson, D. 1998. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report London, HMSO Asthana, S Gibson, A. Moon, G. Brigham, P and Dicker J (no date given accessed 18/3/06) The Demographic and Social Class Basis of Inequality in Self-Reported Morbidiity: An Exploration Using the Health Survey for England http://eprints.libr.port.ac.uk/archive/00000016/01/jechdiv3.pdf Black Report Inequalities in Health London, DOH 1980 Browne, K. and Bottrill, I. 1999. â€Å"Our unequal, unhealthy nation†, Sociology Review,9 Giddens, A. 2001 4th ed. Sociology, Cambridge, Polity Press. Ismail, A.A., Beeching, N.J., Gill, G.V. and Bellis, M.A. (1999) ‘Capture-recapture-adjusted prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes are related to social deprivation’,  QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, vol 92, no 12, pp 707-10. Littlejohns, P. and Macdonald, L.D. (1993) ‘The relationship between severe asthma  and social class’Respiratory Medicine, vol 87, pp 139-43. McCormick, A., Fleming, D. and Charlton, J. (1995) Morbidity statistics from general  practice: Fourth national study,1991-1992, London: HMSO. Macintyre, S. 1997. â€Å"The Black Report and beyond: What are the Issues?† Social Science and Medicine, 44 Moore, S. 2002 3rd ed. Social Welfare Alive Gloucestershire, Nelson Thornes Townsend, P. Davidson, N. and Whitehead, M. (eds) 1988 Inequalities in Health, the Black Report and the Health Divide Harmondsworth, Penguin Walsh, M. Stephens, P. and Moore, S. 2000 Social Policy and Welfare. Cheltenham, http://www.sochealth.co.uk/history/black.htm http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/SocialInequalities_summary.pdf accessed 18/3/06 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/Health.pdf ch. 6 p.4 accessed 18/3/06 http://eprints.libr.port.ac.uk/archive/00000016/01/jechdiv3.pdf accessed 19/3/06 http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:STDauFm9KtQJ:image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2002/11/20/TacklingHealthInequalities.pdf+class+inequalities+in+morbidityhl=engl=ukct=clnkcd=30 accessed 19/3/06 http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part1b.htm accessed 19/3/06 http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/76/98/04117698.pdf p.6 accessed 19/3/06 Tackling Health Inequalities 2005 http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part2a.htm part 2 no page number given accessed 19/3/06 1 [1] http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/SocialInequalities_summary.pdf [2] Source http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/Health.pdf ch. 6 p.4 [3] http://eprints.libr.port.ac.uk/archive/00000016/01/jechdiv3.pdf [4] Ibid p,8 [5] http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:STDauFm9KtQJ:image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2002/11/20/TacklingHealthInequalities.pdf+class+inequalities+in+morbidityhl=engl=ukct=clnkcd=30 [6] Ibid p,8 [7] http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part1b.htm [8] http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/76/98/04117698.pdf p.6 accessed 19/3/06 [9] http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part2a.htm part 2 no page number given accessed 19/3/06

Net Widening: Big Brother Is Watching You

Privacy is a right that many Americans take for granted. Americans, for the most part, feel that they have privacy. But do they really? In order for one to achieve individuality and autonomy one must have privacy, which is the key factor. For the rapid advances in technology, however, one exchanges their privacy. Should one happen to use a computer to use the Internet, for example, their level of privacy is decreased substantially as you open the door to social control. As Orwell says in 1984, â€Å"Big Brother is watching you. † Ever since the creation of the Internet, more specifically the World Wide Web, the government has utilized Orwellian tactics of surveillance. â€Å"Many parts of the Internet are still kind of like the raw frontier and the Government wants to stake its claim† (TechnoCulture). For instance, in December of 1995, news was released concerning the Government’s intention to fund another ten thousand closed circuit surveillance systems. Even though civil libertarians were assured this action had no sinister motive, responses from most were leery to say the least (â€Å"Big Brother†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This technology is very similar to that which Steven Mann, MIT computer specialist, uses. His â€Å"wearable wireless webcam† provides anyone logged onto his Internet home address live views of his daily routine. â€Å"The Internet is sprouting eyes. And ears. And vending machines, hot tubs, coffeepots, robot gardeners, and model railroads. The armada of devices plugged into the Internet, in fact, is transforming the network into a bizarre place that falls somewhere between George Orwell’s 1984 and Candid Camera run amok† (TechnoCulture). Intel currently uses the same technology for the cameras they sell for consumers to put on top of their monitors in order to be seen by others. This technology is inside your very computer monitor (â€Å"Eyes On The Net†). How do you know it’s not being utilized to oversee you? Is Big Brother watching you? â€Å"A year ago, there were only a few devices connected to the Internet that any person could freely use. But the number of devices is exploding. Uses for these things are as diverse as a person’s imagination. As devices have proliferated, imaginative applications of telepresence technology have attracted a huge following among rank-and-file Internet users. The implications of such devices have devastating potential† (â€Å"Eyes On The Net†). Another bit of a shocker is that Web pages can actually keep track of the Internet addresses of visitors. This intrinsically is a complete invasion of privacy. Just imagine someone else knows about every Web page you go to. So what? What’s the big deal? The big deal is that this infringement of privacy strips one of their individuality and autonomy. This form of social control can kill individuality. According to JM Balkin, â€Å"Each of us has both a public and private self; the public self we reveal to the world, and the private self we retain control over by withholding it from others. Our ability to provide or withhold aspects of our private selves preserves and constitutes our autonomy. The exchanges of private information, signal intimacy and trust, and their disclosure to third parties is usually thought of as a sign of betrayal† (Understanding†¦). Even if one is unaware of the infringement against them it will still harm their individuality because what you withhold from others is a part of what makes up your individuality. Once others know what you don’t want them to, your individuality is opened and destroyed (Understanding†¦). These violations are already presented in several businesses and educational institutions throughout America (â€Å"WARNING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). These violations produce what Edward Bloustein describes as â€Å"†¦a being that is not an individual. â€Å"A man compelled to live every minute of his life among others and whose every need, thought, fancy, or gratification is subject to public scrutiny merges with the mass and is deprived of individuality and human dignity. † (â€Å"Privacy as an†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). When a collective conscience, in this instance the government, penetrates deeply into everyday affairs, what seems to be trivial can soon escalate into devastation. Privacy vi olations are no different from Nazi totalitarianism. In totalitarian governments, like Nazi Germany, the collective conscience can penetrate all relations between individuals. Such totalitarian governments have killed approximately 115 million people. Once America is filled with non-autonomous drones and a totalitarian stage is set, government genocide, massacres, and other mass killings could likely take place as well. No matter how extreme the possibilities, they must be looked at. Another example of social control is utilized widely on the Internet by the Government but is not as Orwellian as the previous examples. Internet censorship is a form of privacy invasion. The very essence of the Internet is absolute freedom. It’s a cyber-anarchy in which there is peace. However, buried within the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is a clause restricting indecent material from being transmitted across the Internet. â€Å"Note that this is indecent material, not obscene material. There is, in the legal sense, a difference. Obscenity, which is not protected by the First Amendment, must meet this three-pronged test: An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find the material appeals to prurient interest. The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by law. And, the material, taken as a whole, must lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. That is the law's definition of obscenity, and it is not protected by the First Amendment. It is illegal in all mediums Internet included. What we are talking about is indecency, which is a whole new ball game. These laws will criminalize material ‘available to a person under 18 years of age that depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs. ’ This is basically fancy talk for indecent material† (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). That is much broader than the three-pronged definition. It hypothetically includes anything from objectionable music lyrics to movie sound clips to drug store pornography. This is stuff that is all legal, although some of it to people 18 and older. Yet the bill labels it to be illegal to ALL when on the Internet. Whether in electronic form or in a magazine, the material is unchanged. Yet its restrictions change dramatically. While its intentions may be pure the government cannot be allowed to establish the precedent of censoring legal material in any medium at all (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). Once this happens, we are one step closer to George Orwell's 1984, where not only computers, but thought as well, are regulated by the Powers That Be† (â€Å"Censoring Internet is wrong†). Now one must also look to the opposite end of the spectrum in all fairness. The technological advances may be worth the sacrifice, if there even is one. As a practical matter, scie ntists and engineers see real advantages to telepresence. NASA routinely guides spacecraft millions of miles away, but the Internet offers rudimentary telepresence for the masses. Astronomers at the University of Georgia and three other southeastern universities now operate a 30-inch robot telescope on a mountain in Arizona without ever leaving their offices. Internet users can access government data buoys in the middle of the ocean to check local wind and wave conditions. Californians can now track stream-flow in remote rivers from instruments connected to the Internet. Anyone on the World Wide Web can access a battery of â€Å"weathercams† enabling him or her to actually see the weather. â€Å"Given the groundswell of interest, the day may not be so far off when people water their own plants from afar. Maybe they’ll even figure out a way to feed the cat and walk the dog via the Internet† (TechnoCulture). Does this technology have to be bad? Steven Mann stated: â€Å"Sometimes women ask me to give them a safe escort back to the dorm. If we really want safer streets, maybe we should distribute cameras like mine to everyone. In addition to having a little fun, wearable videocams could become personal safety devices† (TechnoCulture). In fact, this same surveillance technology has succeeded in trapping under-age drinkers and drug users on tape. Police have also used the technology to target local criminals. The video evidence has proven incontrovertible thus leading to swift punishment and safer communities. Just like anything of great responsibility, in the right hands this new technological era can bring forth much good, however, in the wrong hands can bring forth much peril. These advances bring societies closer to Orwellian ones but they also better the societies. If the abuse of this technology does indeed exist, all there is now is the speculation of such an activity. Hopefully it will stay that way. Is Big Brother Watching You? Works Cited Balkin, JM â€Å"Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence† (1993) 103 Yale Law Journal 105-176. 1997. â€Å"Big Brother is watching you. † Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://malone. math. soton. ac/postgraduate/students/ Polton/December_1995. html Edward J. Bloustein. â€Å"Privacy as an aspect of human dignity – An Answer to Dean Prosser. † Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology, ed. Ferdinand Schoeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 177. â€Å"Eyes On the Net. † Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://www. mitchell. net/article. htm Orwell, George. 1984 New York, Signet. 1949 â€Å"TechnoCulture Archive† Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. Available WWW: http://www. mitchell. net/ant/article. htm â€Å"WARNI NG: Big Brother is watching you† Home Page. Nd. : n. pag. Online. Internet. 06 May 1998. 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What Is So Fascinating About Term Paper Proposal?

What Is So Fascinating About Term Paper Proposal? There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. There's a burning must search for the new means of renovating the social clay so as to keep the society safe and comfortable for all people involved. In the majority of instances, work consumes the majority of the time for people leaving limited time to think of original psychology arguments. Each student must choose one reading that we've done so far or will read later on, and no 2 students may pick the exact work. Show me that you are aware of how to find and can analyze data from sources in your discipline. Explore the subject in terms of what it is that you're curious about. Knowing the problem connected to the subject matter can help to supply you with an insight to your proposal. The fashion of the bibliographical item itself depends upon the disciplinary field. Let's say you pay for over 10 orders for the length of a training course. There are a number of things which you must include in a research proposal in order to provide your supervisor a very good comprehension of the approach that you would like to take in your research. Moreover, a couple of hours of class time will want to get allocated as a way to present the collages. At the conclusion of that phase, you're going to be in a position to report you have accomplished something and are prepared to undertake Phase 2. For example, a science program could supply a new medication. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Necessary Resources The literary work a student chooses to create a collage on will determine how long is essential to completely finish the undertaking. The students will be supplied a rubric with the specific needs of the undertaking and what the aim of the project is. To compose a term paper proposal one ought to decide on the most critical areas of the paper and set them together in a unified outline. If you're unsure what style you ought to be using, ask them. In many instances, you will have to compose a research paper proposal before you write your real paper. In many instances that you'll need to compose a research paper proposal before you write your real paper. During this procedure, you must sift what's nice and relevant from what is irrelevant to your term paper. If you pick a topic that isn't of interest to you, it is going to show in your paper. Be certain to include the paper title even if it's a tentative one. The same as in books advertised online, only certain parts of the paper is going to be exposed. You'll also become peaceful since you've delegated the job of finding a topic and essay t competent professionals. There are a lot of crucial guidelines to keep in mind while writing. The proposal is the fundamental element of any research paper, as it presents the work and supplies the reader with impression. Highlight the factors for which the issue has to be fixed and the manner in which it can be fixed. For instance, you might write the way your paper will provide the reader more insight on a particular topic or confirm a pre-declared hypothesis. Furthermore, a completely free example research proposal on philosophy is a high-quality bit of advice for students who aren't mindful of the convincing methods of writing. Thus, your introduction needs to be clear and precise. For instance, the introduction and the conclusion is going to be offered to you. Understanding Term Paper Proposal Based on your target, there is an assortment of kinds of proposals you could write, which range from scientific proposals to book proposals. Although it appears first, the abstract ought to be edited last, as a concise overview of the proposal. See me concerning the submission form. There are several things you will have to cover in your proposal letter. If once you finish your proposal, you're still unable to demonstrate your answer is the perfect one, it usually means that you didn't figure out how to think of an acceptable solution. How to compose a Good Proposal A fantastic proposal is one which can receive the support of the party to whom you're writing to. Virtually each individual sentence in your proposal should either refer to the matter or the manner in which you intend to repair it.

Big Business And Conservation Activism - 2536 Words

The struggle between providing for California’s burgeoning population and the corresponding increase pressure on California’s ever shrinking pristine natural wonders and natural resources has been a constant clash between the forces of big business and conservation activism. However, the outcomes of these many battles have increasingly favored the side of economics over nature. The trend that becomes clear is that the will of the businessmen have been prevailing over the concerns of the conservationists more and more. What are the forces that are pushing the pendulum closer and closer towards the desires of industry? By examining the history of this conflict between these two factions, it will become clear how one has had progressively more of an advantage over the other. Today, the main reason that industry’s goals almost always prevails over conservation’s efforts is economics and what an advantage in economics can buys one politically. Economic in terests will predominately have ever-increasing priority over environmental interest as long as money is considered speech and corporations are people; therefore, the most pragmatic solution that would allot conservation groups with an equal voice in the political process with business is to call for an Article V Constitutional Convention to pass an amendment to permanently get money out of politics nationwide. During a time before money was protected as political speech, conservation groups had a somewhat even footingShow MoreRelatedHome Depot Case Study764 Words   |  4 PagesFerrell, 2009). In addition to these recycling programs, they also teamed up with organizations dedicated to forest conservation and began offering wood products certified by these organizations and eventually announced that they would â€Å"stop selling products made from wood harvested in environmentally sensitive areas† (Ferrell et al., 2009). To further promote their environmental activism, th ey have made numerous charitable donations, instituted a carpooling a program and created The Home Depot foundationRead MoreStarbucks as a Strategic Plan Outline1369 Words   |  6 Pagesethical sourcing, and the environment (starbucks.com). Starbucks’ vision through community is to create an environment that brings people together by creating positive change and making a difference in the lives of the people around them. They are big believers in being able to make a substantial profit as well as being socially conscience of the decisions they make and how their decisions will affect the community. With this idea there are many ways that they are helping the community. They striveRead MoreGlobal Water Crisis : Book : Water Wars1269 Words   |  6 Pagesrequired for that of water conservation projects. The problems can be observed around those of dam production and the maintenance of that dam. The economic boom brought about by building a dam can be great for the production of capital initially, but the return on investment begins to decline until the maintenance of a dam begins to become a financial drain. By this point, the dam has already had an ecological impact and continuing the upkeep is an investment to a business that will only lose moneyRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And The Progressive Era1392 Words   |  6 Pages He campaigned vigorously for McKinley which eventually lead to their landslide victory in 1900. Roosevelt spent six uneventful months as Vice President, as his most notable action was thrilling his supporters with words â€Å"Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.† On September 6th, President McKinley was shot, and died eight days later on September 14th. Roosevelt was sworn in, and the rest was history. Theodore Roosevelt served as the 26th President of the United States and is regardedRead MoreEssay about The New Deal2801 Words   |  12 Pageseconomic platform, and long-range reform of economic agencies and institutions. In order to help the needy, the New Deals relief policies set up various government agencies between 1933 and 1935. The Civilian Conservation Corps was created in order to employ men in the fields of conservation and reforestation. Ultimately, this organization employed over 2.5 million young men. Two more agencies created were the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration, both headedRead MoreThe Indigenous Rights Of Brazil1783 Words   |  8 Pagescontinuing to produce for the demand of consumers. By the end of the 1980s, Mendes and environmentalist were able to establish the world’s first tropical forest conservation initiative that put forth the idea that it should be done by the locals and natives of the Amazon forest (Moore). In 1988 a rancher that was unhappy with his activism, due to the impact his movement was having, murdered Chico Mendes. It took several communities to unite in order for the rubber industry to be weakened and conservativeRead MoreOil Drilling in Alaska Wilderness2541 Words   |  11 Pagesand wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity, as well as provide the opportunity for local residents to continue their subsistence way of life. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which manages the Refuge, calls it the only conservation system unit that protects, in an undisturbed condition, a complete spectrum of the arctic ecosystems in North America. (‘Alaska Wild ) As early as the 1930 s, leading biologists and conservationists were captivated by the scenic beauty andRead MoreWorkers Compensation and Correct Answer2240 Words   |  9 PagesQuestion 1 (Worth 10 points) Describe the â€Å"proxy system† and how is it used to as activism to encourage companies to â€Å"go green.† |ESSAY SUBMISSION | |The proxy system allows share holders to vote on proposals and to also make proposals to the company in which they own stock. Each share | |owned normally count for one vote. If share holders band together that chances of aRead MoreAmerican Government During The Twentieth Century1626 Words   |  7 Pagesto expand exponentially until the twentieth century through World War I, the New Deal, World War II, and the Cold War. The increase in government growth through these time periods ultimately gave Americans reason to form a political party against â€Å"big government.† This political party, the Libertarian party, has gained enough support to become the third largest political party in the United States following behind the Republican and Democratic Party. Through examination of the need for such a partyRead MoreThe Intellectual Roots Of Modern Day Environmentalism1774 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, most notably the latter’s 1854 work, Walden. President Theodore Roosevelt set aside more public land for national parks than all of his predecessors combined. His policies and views about conservation remained dominate for decades (nps.org). The efforts made by these figures in the mid-1800s through the early part of the 20th century were crucial for paving the way for what would come in later years. The main reason for such progress in the