Romeo And Juliet Family Feud Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet Family Feud Essay Specialists have given their time and endeavors in making extraordinary innovative progressions for mankind. They have proposed numerous alternatives and thoughts in making the world an incredible spot to live in. The designers of the 21st Century will follow in a similar way. The building network must consider change and plan for the coming century. Change is a nonstop procedure that must be woven into the very texture of our building and logical undertakings. In the event that they are to effectively address the difficulties of the 21st Century, it is pivotal that they keep their finger on the beat of ever-evolving advancements. One significant issue that will be managed is human cloning. Human cloning got in progress with the effective cloning of the sheep Dolly in 1997. It became obvious that eventually, researchers may have the option to clone people, as well. So as to clone a person researcher must peruse and guide the Human Genetic Code. People have 46 chromosomes. Each cell in the body has its own release of the total 3 billion-letter code. Understanding it, be that as it may, is substantially more troublesome than perusing a direct book, since arrangements and connections along the content line join to frame other obscure degrees of coded data and guidance. Cloning is an extremely mind boggling procedure and it requires exceptional gear and present day innovation. To start, a cell is expelled from the life form that will be duplicated, otherwise called the giver. The cell is separated by an entry point in the skin, an example of blood or even a bit of the real skin. Next, the second regenerative cell is taken from the female creature. The whole DNA is expelled from the core. A limited quantity of DNA is likewise expelled from the benefactors cell core. Hereditary specialists embed the cells into the female and later the female will bring forth a child that was not normally imagined. The cells are embedded by needle to the uterus and assume the normal procedure of parting into two cells. In any case, this procedure should not be possible since perusing and mapping the human hereditary code has demonstrated to be inconceivable. On the off chance that the specialists of the 21st Century can concoct an approach to guide and read the DNA of a human then the human cloning procedure can be finished. The way toward cloning would definitely welcome the utilization of other hereditary innovations, explicitly hereditary control of cloned incipient organisms, and this could bring about lasting, heritable changes to the human genetic supply. Hereditary designers alongside other would assume a significant job in the cloning of people in the 21st Century. Tremendous measures of cash are in question in human cloning research. By and large, the procedure of human cloning has its advantages and disadvantages. Many state that human cloning can help individuals, while others state it ruins the human character. Whatever the assessment, one thing is without a doubt; study of the 21st century will move forward, with engineers driving us farther and farther into finding the very pith of man. Catalog:

How to Shoot a Free Throw

Shooting free tosses can be the most effortless approach to score focuses and lead your group to triumph, or it very well may be distressing and humiliating. Terrible free toss shooting can even cost your group the game! The most significant approach to make free tosses is shooting reliably. To acquire consistency, a player should consistently rehearse his structure. Thusly, the free toss shooter will pick up certainty and will see an expansion in the quantity of free tosses he can make. The free toss structure ought to be a similar structure utilized for shooting hop shots. 1.First, Position your feet shoulder-width separated. The primary foot ought to be situated right behind the free toss line, while the other foot is situated two or three crawls behind the free toss line. The fundamental foot coordinates your handedness. On the off chance that you are correct given, at that point your correct foot will be predominant at the free toss line. 2. Besides, your legs ought to be margin ally twisted at the knee. 3. Thirdly, your prevailing hand ought to be utilized to support the ball from underneath, with the other hand situated on the b-ball for direction and security. 4.Fourthly, the ball ought to be situated at about chest stature, underneath the jawline. 5. Fifthly, your prevailing arm should frame a C shape, with the ball roosted on the hand. 6. Next, the discharge movement ought to be smooth, as jerkiness will prompt conflicting conveyance from shot to shot. You will likely have a similar development each time you shoot a free toss. The discharge should spill out of underneath the jaw upwards and outwards. 7. Likewise, the wrist of your hand supporting the ball ought to be snapped forward, applying reverse-pivot to the b-ball as it is released.This should look as though the shooter is coming to above and before her head to take treats out of a treat container. 8. At last, the shooter should locate a standard that is agreeable for he/she and practice that dai ly practice with the goal that it turns out to be natural. At exactly that point can he/she get reliable accomplishment from the free-toss line. Recollect this is a great free toss structure. On the off chance that your structure is extraordinary, yet you can make a shot without trouble and yield achievement each time, recollect the well-known adage: in the event that it isn’t broke, don't fix it! Good karma and make sure to rehearse!

To what extent was Macbeth the architect of his own downfall Essay Example

What exactly degree was Macbeth the engineer of his own defeat Paper The play Macbeth endeavors to impart to perusers that once somebody starts to utilize viciousness in their mission for power, it is difficult to stop them. It likewise tries to show the defiling and unsettling impact of aspiration on any individual, paying little mind to their respectability. Macbeth, the principle character, is the protectorate of everything great, and shows the characteristics of a saint. Be that as it may, over the span of the play, Macbeth changes definitely affected by power; power he has obtained through desire and uncalled for homicide. Macbeth tries really hard so as to keep up this status of intensity and ends up executing and hurting individuals without regret to keep his status. In any case, none of this would have happened in the event that it hadnt been for the witches, the characters who are at fault for Macbeths destruction. The witches have a key influence in the play and are the portrayal of shrewdness in humanity. Despite the fact that witches are legendary creatures currently, back when the play was composed they were genuine. These witches speak to malicious in the play also and are the ones liable for causing the entirety of Macbeths and every resulting issue. We will compose a custom exposition test on To what degree was Macbeth the planner of his own destruction explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on To what degree was Macbeth the planner of his own defeat explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on To what degree was Macbeth the modeler of his own defeat explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer From the earliest starting point of the play it is clarified that they don't pick up anything from hurting Macbeth and just wish to carry mischief to others. Hence they are the characters with the most fault upon their shoulders. The witches set things moving by giving Macbeth a lot of predictions, the most significant one being All hail Macbeth, that shalt be above all else from this point forward. Here we discover the wellspring of all issues in the play. The witches had depended on Macbeths own desire to drive him into submitting horrendous acts with terrible result so as to ensure that prescience would come and valid, so he would become lord. Simultaneously, Banquo, an old buddy of Macbeths who is available when the witches address him, isn't tricked by the witches. Banquo perceives from the earliest starting point that the witches mean awful and understands that the instruments of haziness disclose to us realities; win us with legitimate wastes of time, to double-crosses in most profound result. This means the witches are not to be trusted. They may have disclosed to Macbeth some fact however at long last they mean him hurt. Act 4, Scene 1 backings this contention. Macbeth wishes to address the witches a subsequent time so as to get a second arrangement of forecasts. The forecasts he gets are made out to trick him and exploit the way that he longs for power. One significant forecast, the subsequent one, given by the witches is, Be wicked, strong, and undaunted; snicker to disdain the intensity of man, for none of lady conceived will hurt Macbeth. No doubt this forecast must mean great in light of the fact that, from the start, it looks as though nobody conceived of a lady can hurt Macbeth. Anyway Banquo is legitimized later on when Macbeth understands the witches were addressing him in paradoxs so as to befuddle him, having him confuse key predictions. Macbeth states be these shuffling monsters no more believd that palter with us from a twofold perspective, that keep the expression of guarantee to our ear and break it to our expectation. In this line Macbeth understands that the witches have sold out him. They caused it to appear to him that he was invulnerable, unfit to be slaughtered by any man conceived of a lady. However they neglected to disclose to him that a man conceived of Cesarean birth, as Macduff, could in any case execute him. This is the explanation for his demise. He had confided in the witches to talk reality, yet their confusing forecasts, which were intended to make a feeling of aspiration and all out force, made him belittle the adversary and in the end prompted his ruin. In spite of the fact that it is conceivable to toss the fault onto another person, for example, Lady Macbeth, who convinces Macbeth into submitting the underlying homicide, it is undisputable that without the witches none of the occasions would have happened. Indeed, even Macbeth can't be considered responsible for his moves in light of the fact that the witches made favorable position of him. They depended on keeps an eye on aspiration and his make progress toward power, they should simply give him the underlying push. Consequently they chose to give Macbeth these expectations, so as to raise his expectations. Macbeth was controlled by the witches and along these lines everything coming about because of his addressing them (the entirety of the killings and Macbeths own defeat) are the witches issue, which is the reason every other contention are rendered invalid and the witches are completely to fault.

Carrybacks and Carryovers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carrybacks and Carryovers - Essay Example Overal deficit working carrybacks is taken to be each for two available years that are before the available long stretches of acquiring such a misfortune. Remainders are for a long time that follows the time of duty the misfortune accumulated (Irs.ustreas.gov, 2011). To every classification, the measure of unused remote duty will be the sum wherein the certified charges that are cleared or gathering surpasses the particular classification limit. The sum that will surpass the breaking point in every classification is the measure of qualified assessments that have been paid or the gathered qualified expenses that is over the cutoff. In 2011, there is an unused outside assessment of $200 to be conveyed to different years. It is viewed as that the unused outside expenses have been paid in 2010 which is the primary going before year and this will be up as far as possible in the time of $100. The remaining $c100 which is alluded to as unused expense is conveyed forward. At times an obligation can be dropped on account of the indebtedness of an individual or being bankrupt. In such a case the remainders of unused remote duty are diminished to or from the time of pay of the obligation wiping out utilizing the equation; for each $1 of dropped obligation that is prohibited from the gross pay, decreased by 33.333%. The domain of the bankrupt may make this decrease on the off chance that it is considered to have gained the vestiges of the unused outside expense. It isn't allowed to convey back any outside assessment that is unused to a year going before the time of liquidation.

Net Realization of a Capital Asset

Question: Compose a paper on the expense of obtaining and net acknowledgment of a capital resource. Answer: The capital increase can be estimated by the distinction between the expense of procurement and net acknowledgment of a capital resource. According to Australian Taxation Office there are three choices for inferring available estimation of capital increases. The Discount technique is utilized for the capital resources that is accepted to be held for over a year. The Residual strategy can be utilized for transient capital resources which are the benefits that are held for not exactly a year at the very latest the date of removal of advantage. The Indexation technique is appropriate to the advantages as obtained before 21st September and accepted to be held for over a year prior to the pertinent capital addition charge occasion. Along these lines, capital increase available worth is determined according to all the techniques (Ato.gov.au, 2016). Properties that are obtained before twentieth September 1985 are absolved: Engine vehicles Repayment of costs for indicated wounds Offer of private house property Any collectable bought at a cost under $500. Long haul Capital Loss: Any misfortune from the removal of the drawn out capital resource ought to set up against the salary from the drawn out capital resource and not against the transient capital increases. In addition, the capital misfortune can be conveyed forward on the long haul to a boundless number of resulting years. Transient Capital Loss: Losses on the momentary capital resource can be set off against both long haul and transient capital increase under a similar square of benefits. It tends to be conveyed forward to the boundless number of appraisal years. (an) In the given task, Mr. David Solomon sold the two-story expanding on 27th June of the present expense year for $850,000 which was obtained by him 30 years back for $ 70,000. The property was initially sold at a bartering for which the purchaser paid a store of $85,000 as a development however in this way the equivalent has been relinquished in light of the fact that the purchaser needed more assets to continue with the exchange. In this way, under the head Income from different sources, the relinquished sum $85,000 will be available. Estimation of capital increase NRV $8, 65,000 Forced under the meaning of CST I.E Family home exclusion Long haul CAPITAL GAIN NIL (b) The star hart painting as gained on twentieth September, 1985 for $ 15,000 was sold at a measure of $ 125,000. Appropriately, available estimation of capital addition registered as under: NRV $ 1, 25,000 Less: cost of procurement subject to indexation 15,000*123.4/71.3 $ 25,961 Long haul CAPITAL GAIN $150,961 (c) In the year 2004, the extravagance engine cruiser was purchased for $ 110, 000 which was arranged off to the nearby agent on the first June of the present assessment year for $ 60, 0000. Thus, the available estimation of the capital addition would be as per the following: Deals continues $ 60,000 Less: Indexed cost of securing $ 110,000 Long haul CAPITAL LOSS $ 50,000 (d) On fifth June, Mr. Solomon had sold his protections in a recently recorded digging endeavor for $80,000 of the present duty year which were purchased by him on tenth January for $75,000 around the same time. The extra costs were contributed at an obtained measure of $70,000 alongside intrigue $5,000 consequently. Extra costs the offer of protections on buy were and business at $750 and stamp obligation $250. As per Income Tax Assessment Act, enthusiasm on credit isn't a piece of bought cost and along these lines it will not be incorporated (Jin, 2016).Calculation of capital increase according to Income Tax Assessment Act: Deal esteem $ 80,000 Less: cost of procurement $75,000 Less: Brokerage $ 750 Less: stamp obligation $250 Transient CAPITAL LOSS $ 4,000 Capital addition for the present expense year Long haul capital increase discounted of private house $ NIL Long haul capital misfortune on removal of Boat $ 50,000 Long haul capital increase discounted of painting $ 150,961 Momentary capital Gain at a bargain of protections $ 4,000 Long haul CAPITAL GAIN $ 104,961 Further, there has been proof of net capital loss of $10,000 from the deals of the offers from the expense form of Mr. Dave for the earlier year as of 30th June. Along these lines, as per the arrangement it tends to be balanced with current year long haul capital addition. In this way, Net Long term capital increase for the current year is $ 104,961-$10,000 = $ 94,961 Net capital addition can be estimated as the contrast between misfortunes acquired and benefits earned from the removal of capital resources alongside the changes for deficit on capital resource conveyed forward from the earlier year. According to the standards and standards of ITAA capital addition is certifiably not a different duty head and it shapes a piece of evaluated available pay of a citizen. Thus, the assessee is required to pay charge on the available estimation of capital addition in the significant duty appraisal year in which the occasion occurred. From the above computations it has been seen that Mr. Pigeon has earned benefits marked down of advantage and is qualified to add to his superannuation support. For this reason Mr. Pigeon is required to keep up pertinent records and reports of the exchanges including buy receipts, archives for enthusiasm on advances, costs caused for prosecution charges, legitimate expenses, business on shares, significant records for fixes a nd support of benefits and so forth (delisted.com, 2016). Net capital shortfall is inferred as a summation of misfortunes brought about from all the capital resources including misfortunes conveyed forward from earlier year. Capital misfortunes are not qualified to be set off from pay of some other heads rather permitted to be conveyed forward to next appraisal years for boundless period and hence set off from the capital increases showed up in that year. An assessee is qualified to pick the wellspring of capital increase for set off the procured misfortunes however can't convey forward the misfortune without profiting the set off standards if the equivalent is accessible. In the event that Mr. Solomon brought about misfortune on capital addition then he would require to sell a greater amount of his advantages or obtaining advance to contribute in his superannuation subsidize and from that point gain a leased city condo. In this manner, on accomplishing the period of retirement he could pull back the tax exempt sum from his superannuation r eserves (Learn.nab.com, 2016). Periwinkle Pty Limited, a bath producer is an immediate dealer to open which gave vehicle costing $33,000 as far as advantage to one of its representatives, Emma on first May 2015 as she lots of going identified with work. Anyway the utilization of the vehicle isn't constrained to the utilization of work reason however for individual use too. The vehicle was utilized to travel 10,000 kilometers for the period first May 2015 to 31st March 2016. Consumption on fixes has been repaid by the organization at $550. The vehicle stayed unused for 10 days and left at the air terminal just as for 5 days when it was booked for fixes. Further, the organization gave an advance of $500,000 to Emma on 1 September 2015 at a loan cost of 4.45% which she used to purchase an occasion During the present tax assessment year, Emma purchased a bath from her manager organization for $1,300 whose cost of creation to the organization was $700 and deals cost for overall population added up to $2,600. Incidental advantage TAX: Fringe advantage expense can be alluded to as the assessment payable on the available estimation of specific advantages gave by the business to his workers. Incidental advantage assessment can be appropriate which are paid by the organization to their workers on non-money advantages or benefits. The following are the sure excluded profits by incidental advantage charge: Excluded Loans Costs identified with work reason as it were. Advantages of vehicle gave by the organization to representatives on the off chance that it is utilized for just work reason The available estimation of advantages is not exactly $ 300 Movement cost identified with the workers Lodging stipend for the house situated at remote spot. Periphery BENETFIT TAX ARE LIABLE ON Loan, Car, Payment of Expense, Airline, transport, Housing, Property, Car leaving, and Residual. In addition, the Fringe Benefit vehicle is characterized as a vehicle or station wagon, which is utilized to convey under nine travelers or used to convey weight short of what one tons. In any case, if the vehicle is utilized for individual reason and is utilized to give to the representative doesnt fall into the meaning of vehicle as gave in the Act under incidental advantage charge, at that point the benefit would be falling inside the importance of incidental advantage charge and as needs be assessment to be payable by boss on such advantage. Further, on the off chance that in the event that the vehicle is accommodated under 3 months, at that point such advantage would not fall under the meaning of incidental advantage and in like manner no duty will be assessed. In the current case, vehicle gave to Emma falls under the importance of incidental adva ntage and as needs be, the business is obligated to pay charge on the vehicle stipend gave. In addition, the vehicle ought to be considered for utilizing against individual reason if the equivalent isn't at the premises of the business. The vehicle ought to likewise be considered at the premises of the representative and implied for individual use too. It ought to be noticed that the meaning of the vehicle to be utilized for the broadly useful can be prohibited if the vehicle is at the workshop for the fixing procedure. Cost Basis technique By Applying Statutory equation According to address Base estimation of the vehicle $33,000 Number of days vehicle gave as incidental advantage charge = 335-5 = 333 days Note: Car sent to workshop for fixes and stays unused for 5 days will not be remembered for the figuring of number of days vehicle utilized by Emma for individual reason while number of days vehicle left at the air terminal will be incorporated. The cost premise couldn't be remembered for the Total Days if the keys of the vehicle can be given to the business. The rate would be 20% if the vehicle runs for under 15000 kms during incidental advantage period. Available Value $33000*20%*330/365 $5,967 Periphery BENEIFT TAX $5,417 Treatment of Loan gave by boss to Emma at a low pace of intrigue Incidental advantage charge identified with the credit can be assessed when a worker is given a lower rodent

Common Drug Law Terms and Laws

Common Drug Law Terms and Laws Addiction Drug Use Print Common Drug Law Terms and Laws By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on February 21, 2020 Photographers Choice/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery While using drugs can have a significant negative impact on your mental and physical health, using or owning drugs can put you at serious risk of legal action.   Many addictive drugs, including medications available by prescription, are “controlled substances,” which means that there are laws in place that control the use and even possession of these drugs. Having these drugs without a doctors prescription and supervision can land you in real trouble. Laws vary from state to state, and jurisdiction to jurisdiction, so its important to familiarize yourself with your state and countys drug laws. The sentences for different infractions also vary. What might get you a jail sentence in one state may only get you a fine and a ticket in another.   There are many laws regarding drugs, but below are some of the most common. “Simple” Possession Simple possession of drugs means you have a small amount of the drug on your person or in your car or home. The amount is limited enough that it is assumed to be for personal use, rather than for distribution or sale. Possession laws also apply when you dont actually have literal possession of the drug, but you have control over what happens to the drug. For example, you have the key to a locker that contains the drug or if you have drugs stored in a storage locker. What is a Drug Dealer? “Trafficking” of Drugs Trafficking of drugs generally refers to the distribution or selling of drugs, commonly known as drug dealing. It also includes the growing or manufacturing of drugs, for example, growing cannabis or making methamphetamine. Trafficking also includes possession with intent to supply, which occurs when you possess larger amounts of drugs that would be expected for personal use. Importing and exporting of drugs are also a form of trafficking, so if you take drugs on holiday with you, it would be trafficking, not simple possession, even if it was for your own personal use. The amount of a drug you possess is important; if you possess a large amount of the drug, it can be understood that there is an intent for you to supply the drug to other people. This is much more serious than if you possess a small amount of a drug, which appears to be for personal use. You may be tempted to purchase a larger amount of a drug for personal use in order to save money or to share with friends. If you are found with a larger amount in your possession, you may be seen as possessing with intent to supply, even if it is really for your own use. If you intend to share it with friends, the situation gets worse, as it is not for personal use. Is It Legal to Use Drugs Without a Prescription? Possession of Drug-Related Items There are also laws that prohibit other items related to drug use or making drugs. For example, substances used to cultivate or manufacture drugs as well as the paraphernalia used to consume drugs, such as bongs, crack pipes, and syringes. Where You Are When Possessing Drugs Laws also take where possession of drugs occurs into account. The seriousness of possession charges increases if you are found to be possessing drugs in locations where you are close to vulnerable people, including schools, assisted living facility, or daycare. Its important to consult your jurisdictions laws or with an attorney if you have any questions pertaining to drug laws and their consequences. What to Do If Your Kid is Caught With Drugs at School

Use of Imagery and Symbolism in J.K. Rowling’s Works - 550 Words

Use of Imagery and Symbolism in J.K. Rowling’s Works (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionSubject29 September 2017Use of imagery and symbolism in J.K. Rowlings worksJ.K. Rowling is indeed one of the most successful authors of our time. Harry Potter series; which comprises some of the most sold literary works in the world, is undoubtedly her magnum opus. Mastery, creativity and ability to narrate mystical stories in an enthralling manner have endeared her to a broad audience; especially young readers. Other than Harry Potter series, she has authored more than twenty literary works; ranging from short stories to non-fictions. Most of her works are centered on themes such as death, magical realism, supernaturalism, friendship and evil (Black 237-247). Symbolism and imagery; as literary devices, have been ubiquitously employed by the author in her works; and few examples being The Mirror of Erised, Harry Potters scar, wands, Quidditch, the Leaky Cauldron and the Sorcerers Stone.Magic and wizardry are dominant in all Harry Potters stories. Symbo lism and imagery of the two have been manifested multiple times through usage of ordinary things. Most of these ordinary things play a critical role in bridging the mysterious world of magic and wizardry with real life of the readers. Other than magic and wizardry, imagery and symbolism advances themes and motifs such as friendship, struggles, evil, death and love. To start with the wands, they are symbolic to a persons character and personality. All the characters in Harry Potter series have unique wands. Harry Potter spent a lot of time at the shop of Mr. Ollivander trying to find a wand which could fit him well. This can only mean that all the characters in the series have unique personalities that are symbolized by the wands.Harry Potters Scar; which has a shape of lightning, is another major form of symbolism and imagery. It brings out the qualities of determination and perseverance. By getting a scar while Voldemont was trying to kill him, Potter is everlastingly tied to past struggles─ which somehow have enormous influence in his future life. The scar also mirrors Harry Potters destiny. It can be argued that the lightning-shaped scar shows that he is not an ordinary child; but rather a person with supernatural powers. In addition, the scar enables the reader to understand the softer side of Harry Potter. Whenever he is faced with hatred, the scar hurts him. This symbolism and imagery can be used to show that despite having supernatural powers, Potter still exhibits emotional attributes such as love, hatred, fear and happiness; which are often associated with ordinary people.At one point in J.K. Rowling series, Harry Potter comes across the Mirror of Erised. This mirror has magical powers which enabled Potter to look into it and determined what he wanted in life. This symbolizes his personal growth. Previously, he had never taken a moment to figure what he want in life; but when he encounters the mirror, he gets an opportunity to figure out thos e desires. From what we learn, his greatest desire i...

Golden Toad - Facts and Figures

Name: Golden Toad; also known as Bufo periglenes Habitat: Tropical forests of Costa Rica Historical Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-20 years ago) Size and Weight: About 2-3 inches long and one ounce Diet: Insects Distinguishing Characteristics: Bright orange males; larger, less colorful females About the Golden Toad Last seen in 1989--and presumed to be extinct, unless some individuals are miraculously discovered elsewhere in Costa Rica--the Golden Toad has become the poster genus for the mysterious worldwide decline in amphibian populations. The Golden Toad was discovered in 1964, by a naturalist visiting a high-altitude Costa Rican cloud forest; the bright orange, almost unnatural color of the males made an immediate impression, although the slightly larger females were much less ornate. For the next 25 years, the Golden Toad could only be observed during the spring mating season, when large groups of males would swarm over less numerous females in small ponds and puddles. (See a slideshow of 10 Recently Extinct Amphibians.) The extinction of the Golden Toad was sudden and mysterious. As recently as 1987, over a thousand adults were observed mating, then only a single individual in 1988 and 1989 and none thereafter. There are two possible explanations for the demise of the Golden Toad: first, since this amphibian relied on very specialized breeding conditions, the population could have been knocked for a loop by sudden changes in climate (even two years of unusual weather would have been enough to wipe out such an isolated species). And second, its possible that the Golden Toad succumbed to the same fungal infection that has been implicated in other amphibian extinctions around the world.

Romanesque Architecture versus Gothic Architecture Essay

The transition from Romanesque architecture to Gothic architecture can be attributed to a simple reason and that is wealth. Throughout Europe near the end of the Romanesque era there was large growth in towns and in turn a large growth in trade. Places such as Germany had rapid growth in their populace and economy and this encouraged trading with other towns. When it came to relations with other towns there was also a sense of competition and they showed this by building huge Gothic building that only got more grander. These buildings were a sign of pride and wealth for a town and each town was basically saying mine is bigger than yours. Places like England and France were still ruled by Kings so their buildings were often built for their†¦show more content†¦As a way to help support the higher part of walls builders invented the flying buttresses which were later perfected in High Gothic style. The vaults that helped supported ceilings had six ribs and later changed to fou r ribs in High Gothic style. With the creation of the pointed arch and rib supports for the ceiling the walls did not have to be as thick and heavy and allowed for taller and larger windows in them. This allowed a larger amount of light into the buildings and since most of the windows were stained glass they allowed a large variety of colored light inside. Notre-Dame de Paris or Our Lady of Paris in French is a Catholic cathedral located in Paris France on the eastern half of the lle de la Cite. Notre-Dame is one of the most recognizable and well known church buildings in the world and is considered by many to be one of the foremost examples of French Gothic Architecture. The sculptures and stained glass windows are quite different from the architecture of the Romanesque period. High Gothic style glorified shapes and proportions found in Early Gothic style. Architects were able to achieve lighter structures but maintain their height and majestic appearance. The vaults were cut down from six ribs to four ribs and the walls were modified to only use three of the four tiers, the arcade, clerestoryShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Eastern And Western European Architectural Styles1223 Words   |  5 PagesGothic architecture is often characterized just by the visual aspects that define it; however, there is much deeper influence in the structure and form of the style. The term is sometimes used to define a time period, but some critics believe there is no true definition of the term gothic. The style has evolved from many different things throughout history, and its influence is still evident throughout buildings in Europe. 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A majority of these colorful pages that survive were produced during the Romanesque era, on request of the clergymen and emperors. Done on vellum, an animal skin with ink. Charlemagne, arguably the most important emperor of the Carolingian dynasty was a large manuscript enthusiast. Charlemagne, who became â€Å"King of the Franks† inRead MoreIwc1 Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay10028 Words   |  41 Pagesgeneral conclusion (or from effect to cause). Question 5: Multiple Choice Why is architecture considered an art? a) Because architecture provides shelter to humans b) Because architecture is often decorated with art forms c) Because architects use perspective in their work d) Because architecture is concerned with the aesthetic effect of structures in their environment Feedback: The correct answer is d. Architecture is considered an art because it is concerned with the aesthetic effect of structuresRead MoreQuestion and Correct Answer7042 Words   |  29 PagesAnswer: |   Ã‚   Larger and more lightweight bronze pieces | | | | | ï‚ · Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | What classic struggle do Gilgamesh and Enkidu represent?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   Nature versus civilization | Correct Answer: |   Ã‚   Nature versus civilization | | | | | ï‚ · Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the Persian Zoroasters greatest contribution to religious thought?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   The emphasis on free will | Correct

My Future After High School - 1079 Words

An Irreplaceable Experience My future after high school did not come as easy as some people’s may. I was at a confusing state where higher education was necessary, but was it worth it? I completed my ACT test, visited multiple colleges, and was accepted to the colleges I applied for. The path of my future was still very unclear, until I visited the University of River Falls the fall before my high school graduation. The thought of independence, finding new friends, changing my values in life, and proving to those who love me who I can become, left me without a question that I would become part of the Falcon family. Independence is stated in almost every article we have read in the last week. That is what every student in college looks†¦show more content†¦I now had the opportunity to call my parents when I thought it was necessary. Independence has changed me for the better. I take all responsibility for my actions and I feel as though I have grown and matured into a better adult. I also feel like I am finding my true identity. The friendships I once had back at home are still strong, but I can start to feel myself drifting away. I have known my two best friends since the third grade. We have gone through the whole middle and high school experience together. I would not trade them for the world. When senior year was almost to an end, the choice to go to the same school was out of the question. We all had different opportunities and different preferences on school choices. I was ecstatic to come to River Falls and have the chance to start over. Start a new friend group and pick who I wanted to be friends with. The friends that I have made here in my short time are irreplaceable. I could not imagine my college career without them. They have changed me by showing that there is more to the world than my small town. That it does not matter who you become, as long as you are happy. Although my values have not changed significantly, there are now thing s that I do disagree with my family. Since coming to River Falls, I have discovered new people and friends. I have definitely had the opportunity of meeting people from completely different backgrounds from my own. I have learned from these

Project Managers Develop Risk Management - 993 Words

Project managers develop risk management plans in order to identify, classify, quantify, and mitigate known and unknown risks in a project (Williams, 2004, p. 1). These plan include risk assessment, mitigation, and continual assessment and evaluation during the completion of the project. In IT-related projects, IT project managers have to assess and evaluate numerous technical risks. Technical risks are the possible occurrence of failing functionality and performance that has occurred due to poor IT integration of systems, or other interactions that may be difficult to implement due to IT complications (Software Testing Help, 2015). Thus, risk management plans help minimize the impact of technical risks in a project. There are several risk management paradigms that project managers can use to manage these risks. In software risk management, Barry Boehm’s risk management paradigm consisted of two sub-processes—risk assessment and risk control (Wallmà ¼ller, pp. 5- 6). When assessing the risk, project managers need to identify, analyze and prioritize their risks with quantitative measurements, i.e. probability percentages or 1-5 scale. After this sub-process, the manager implements the risk control process where the IT managers can create risk management plans specifying risk reduction measures. In addition to these measures, the plan should include risk resolution and monitoring controls to be used on the project. An example of this paradigm is found on this website,Show MoreRelatedObjectives Of Rebranding / Logo Project1683 Words   |  7 PagesObjectives: The objectives of the Rebranding/ Logo Project summarized as follows: 1. To bring greater name recognition to higher end clientele through a new professional name and professional modernized appearance. 2. No to exceed a budget of $60,000 for the completion of full rebranding. With logo and name rebrand to not exceed more than $10,000. 3. 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Marriage In The Renaissance Era Free Essays

Irvin Alfalfa Mrs.. Fever English 1 (College Prep) April 26, 2013 Marriage in the Renaissance Era Marriage customs today are very different than those of the Renaissance era. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage In The Renaissance Era or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this era women had limited options in marriage and life. In Michael Best’s article, â€Å"The Age of Marriage,† he indicates that although people did not get married as young as people believed, marriage was still not so much about love. For example, â€Å"in some noble houses marriages were indeed made at a young age for reasons of property and family alliance,† (Best, 1). A clear example of this is that Caplet wants Juliet to marry Paris to expand their name and alliances. Juliet did not love Paris but was being forced into marrying him by her parent’s. In addition, girls were obliged to marry a man that was successful and rich. This narrowed down the limited choices for women and although young girls had no interest in marrying they had to in order to get wealthier and have a better life. However, children of noble birth ran a great risk if they tried to marry without their parent’s prior approval, since they would be feet with no resources. Some marriages were in fact based on love but it was very rare because the bridegroom may not have been wealthy or known. Novel Guider’s article, â€Å"The Institution of Marriage in Renaissance Era,† implies that marriage was both secular and sacred. For example, secularly, it served as a coming together of two parties interested in obtaining property, money, or political alliances. This was the main goal of noble homes. Some marriages were also sacred in that it assured the love of a man and woman and searched for reproduction. William Shakespearean ark displays the sacredness of love and marriage. However, some families did not force marriages because, â€Å"the best marriages were those that were equally consensual and desired by both parties,† (novel guide, 1). Freedom of choice varied for each child in a family. Each child had a certain amount of freedom in choosing their mate. The eldest son was under the greatest pressure since he inherited the majority of the land. His marriage was often critical to the families survival because they depended on him for financial support. This article somewhat contradicts Michael Best’s article in which he states that all marriages where forced on. Jeremy Goldberg article, â€Å"The Right to Choose: Woman, Consent and Marriage in Late Medieval England,† suggests that marriage was indeed forced on, but by not only parent’s. Jeremy Goldberg provides an example in which a girl was forced by her attacker to agree to marry him. This was very common during this era. Men eager for money and land would force wealthy and innocent girls into marrying them. John Dale was a man who used physical violence and the threat of it to con Agnes into marrying him. In all, these three articles provide examples of marriage being an important for both men and woman. Some marriages were made to have more wealth and land while others were made simply because two partners loved each other very much. Some marriages were so important that men would take drastic measures in order to have a wife. And although women had very limited options and were considered a minority, they managed to have a good life if they chose the right man. Very much has changed during the years. Best, Michael. â€Å"The Age of Marriage. † Roughage Ballads. University of Victoria How to cite Marriage In The Renaissance Era, Papers

Describe the basis of the Gram stain free essay sample

Introduction Gram staining is a procedure founded by Christian Jacobs Hans Gram in 1883 in Germany. The Gram stain is a technique devised to categorise most bacteria into two sub-categories; gram positive and gram negative, based on the properties of the cell wall. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the basis of the Gram stain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cell wall The cell wall’s characteristics determine Gram staining. Gram negative bacteria contain an asymmetric bilayer, where the outer layer consists of lipopolysaccharide which acts as a permeability barrier and prevents the entrance of the Gram stain in the periplasm. The peptidoglycan layer within the periplasm is dense whereas the cell wall of gram positive bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan. [1] Method of Gram staining In order to perform the Gram stain, a primary and secondary stain is required, in addition to a mordant, decolouriser and water. To initiate the process, a smear is heat-fixed by being passed through a Bunsen burner several times. Next, the primary stain, which is usually crystal violet, is applied to the slide for approximately a minute in order to allow the dye to bind to the cell wall. The unbound stain is then removed by rinsing the slide with water. Then, the mordant, which is usually Gram’s iodine, is added on to the slide which allows the crystal violet to be fixed to the cell wall by the formation of violet-iodine crystal complexes. The sample is left for one minute and then is washed again with water. The slide is then decolourised with an alcohol substance, usually at a thirty degree angle for between three to five seconds and is then washed away. The decolourising process is important as the primary stain is removed from the Gram negative bacteria due to the cell wall’s outer lipid layer dissolving. This causes the violet-iodine to leak and therefore the sample will become decolourised. However, if the organism is gram-positive, the slide will stain a dark purple as the cell wall will allow the stain to be retained. However, if the decolouriser is left on for too long, the primary stain may be removed from a gram-positive organism and therefore the organism may be wrongly  identified as being gram negative. The final procedure of the gram stain is the use of the secondary stain, otherwise known as the counter stain, usually safranin. The decolouriser is rinsed off with water and then is drowned in safranin which does not affect the gram-positive organism but causes the gram-negative cells to gain a red stain. [1] [2] [3] [4] Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that the most important aspect of the Gram stain is the retention of the primary stain as this can initially determine whether the bacteria is gram-positive or gram-negative during the decolourisation process. However, an important factor to be considered when Gram staining is that not all bacteria can or are necessary to be classified as Gram positive or Gram negative. [2]

My Favorite Manager free essay sample

I worked in Strategic Centre, Consumer support services and global solution centre. I was hired as an front line operative and got promoted to Tech Lead role over time. When I was a trainer, my manager was Navin Kumar. Before working at HP, I used to work with Convergys. I was a front end operative at each of the other jobs before HP. Navin Kumar was my favorite because he had a relaxed mentality to the job but held accountability for actions. He allowed me and the other Trainers to have a say when running the Training module. He had the final say on all ideas but was open for input to improve the function of the Trainers efficiency. He was very personable and did not have the typical manager attitude. If I did my work when he wanted it completed and it was up to his level of quality his relationship was more similar to that of friends than a manager. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favorite Manager or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you failed to meet his expectations then he came down on me with a very strong force. He was not a typical manager in that sense. He set lofty expectations because he wanted me to succeed at a high level instead of setting low goals and just settling for an easy way out. He would set weekly goals and would reward the highest trainer efficiency scores that was internally maintained by HP Training team. This was motivation to test training methods and try to beat out my co-workers. He also had a level of respect for each of his employees that I never received at one of my other jobs. At HP everyone had the same level of expectations and if you did not meet them, Navin would work with that person to build up their quality of work or they would be mentored more rigorously with a clear performance improvement plan for not meeting expectations. I respected him more for being open to criticism. He would allow his trainers and senior trainers to critique him and help him improve his work quality. If I could work for Navin Kumar again I would immediately

Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage Essays - LGBT History, Free Essays

Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage Essays - LGBT History, Free Essays Acceptance Of Homosexual Marriage 29 Nov. 1999 Same Sex Marriage, Acceptance in the United States Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Marriage entitles financial responsibility, as well as authorized financial benefits. It is the institution that provides automatic legal protection for the spouse, including medical visitation, inheritance of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. Society has become accustom to what they believe is normal by their traditions and religious beliefs. Many people believe that same-sex marriage is not normal. The simple fact is that banning same-sex marriage is discrimination. Marriage is the basic human right that should not be denied to anyone. Marriage among minorities has come a long way in becoming accepted as normal in the eyes of society. Interracial marriage was prohibited, and unacceptable in the United States, until the Supreme Court ruled such bans unconstitutional in 1967. There is no reason that the federal government, or anyone for that matter, should restrict marriage to a prede fined heterosexual relationship. Because it is the right of the homosexual legally, socially, and economically, matrimony between lesbian and gay couples should be accepted in the United States. Because our country has been founded on the Constitution, in which all men are created equal; we cannot deny the basic human and legal right of marriage to a class of individuals due to their sexual preference. Banning same-sex marriage has already been declared a violation of the constitution in the state of Hawaii. The case began in 1991 when three same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses, by the Hawaii Department of Health, brought a lawsuit to the state court against the director of the department. Hawaii law required couples wishing to marry Ramirez 2 to obtain a marriage license. New York Times reporter David Dunlap notes that while the marriage license did not explicitly prohibit same sex marriage at that time, it used terms of gender that clearly indicated that only heterosexual couples could marry.... In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that a refusal to grant marriage licenses violated the state constitution (18). Even though the court found that the state of Hawaiis constitution had discriminated against homosexuals, which should legalize marriage nationally, presently there have been no same-sex marriage license that have been issued anywhere in the United States. Conversely, an Online US News columnist acknowledges that one state court should not dictate marriage laws for the entire nation: If gay marriages become legal in Hawaii, other states may have to recognize them, as well, because the U.S. Constitution requires each state to grant full faith and credit to the acts of other states. But, he argues, many states do not want to recognize same-sex unions, and should not be forced to do so by a few judges in Hawaii. The bill [allowing other states to ban same sex-unions] introduced in congress would preserve the right of the other 49 states to determine their marriage laws.(Pros and Cons of Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage) Although some may believe it would be unfair for Hawaii to begin the process of recognizing same-sex marriage licenses, Article IV, Section One of the United States Constitution avers, Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and proceedings of every other state(Madison et al.). Therefore, regardless of whether or not certain individuals believe it is fair for one state to begin the process of same-sex marriage, the law is the law. Similarly, lawyers specializing in the constitutional and civil rights laws said the legislation could be fought in two ways: either by arguing that same-sex marriages must be allowed to full faith and credit clause requiring states to recognize the laws of other states (Roane 7). The Ramirez 3 case is very similar to the ban of interracial marriage, which was declared unconstitutional just a few decades ago by the Supreme Court. Interracial marriage was struck down as a violation of the 14th Amendment, which guarantees all persons the equal protection of the laws. Even though marriage should not be denied legally to gay and lesbian couples, matrimony between same-sex couples should be accepted socially. Andrew Sulivan, a former editor for the New Republic magazine comments; Homosexuals are in many ways

Definition and Discussion of General American English

Definition and Discussion of General American English General American English is a somewhat vague and outdated term for a  variety of spoken American English that seems to lack the distinctive characteristics of any particular region or ethnic group. Also called network English or newscaster accent. The term General American (GA, GAE, or GenAm) was coined by English professor George Philip Krapp in his book The English Language in America (1925). In the first edition of History of the English Language (1935), Albert C. Baugh adopted the term General American, calling it the dialect of the Middle States and the West. General American   is sometimes broadly characterized as speaking with a midwestern accent, but as William Kretzschmar observes (below), there has never been any single best or default form of American English that might form the basis for General American (A Handbook of Varieties of English, 2004). Examples and Observations The fact that I conjugate my verbs and speak in a typical Midwestern newscaster voicetheres no doubt that this helps ease communication between myself and white audiences. And theres no doubt that when Im with a black audience, I slip into a slightly different dialect.(U.S. President Barack Obama, quoted by Dinesh DSouza in Obamas America: Unmaking the American Dream. Simon Schuster, 2012)The term General American is sometimes used by those who expect for there to be a perfect and exemplary state of American English . . .. However, in this essay the term Standard American English (StAmE) is preferred; it designates the level of quality (here of pronunciation) that is employed by educated speakers in formal settings. StAmE pronunciation differs from region to region, even from person to person, because speakers from different circumstances in and different parts of the United States commonly employ regional and social features to some extent even in formal situations.(William A. Kret zschmar, Jr., Standard American English Pronunciation. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) [T]he standard assumption for American English is that even educated speakers, from certain regions at least (most notably New England and the South), at times use regional pronunciation characteristics and thus speak with an accent; hence, despite the persistent belief in a homogenous General American accent or notions like network English there is in fact no single norm of pronunciation that corresponds to RP [received pronunciation] in England, being a non-regional class dialect.(Edgar W. Schneider, Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) Variants in Network English It is important to note that no single dialectregional or socialhas been singled out as an American standard. Even national media (radio, television, movies, CD-ROM, etc.), with professionally trained voices have speakers with regionally mixed features. However, Network English, in its most colourless form, can be described as a relatively homogenous dialect that reflects the ongoing development of progressive American dialects (Canadian English has several notable differences). This dialect itself contains some variant forms. The variants included within this targeted accent involve vowels before /r/, possible differences in words like cot and caught and some vowels before /l/. It is fully rhotic. These differences largely pass unnoticed by the audiences for Network English, and are also reflective of age differences.(Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary, 17th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) ​​General American vs. the Eastern New England Accent A few examples of differences between some regional dialects and General American or Network English are in order here, though these are necessarily selective. In the characteristic speech of Eastern New England, for instance, rhotic /r/ is lost after vowels, as in far or hard, while it is retained in all positions in General American. A rounded vowel has been retained in Eastern New England in words like top and dot, whereas General American uses an unrounded vowel. Another Eastern New England characteristic is the use of /É‘/ in words like bath, grass, last, etc., where General American uses /a/. In these respects the New England accent shows some similarities with British RP.(Diane Davies, Varieties of Modern English: An Introduction. Routledge, 2013) Challenges to the Concept of General American The belief that American English consists of General American and the Eastern (Northern) and Southern dialect varieties was called into question by a group of American scholars in the 1930s. . . . In 1930 [Hans] Kurath was named the director of an ambitious project called The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada. He patterned the project on a similar European undertaking that had been completed some years before the American project started: Atlas linguistique de la France, which ran between 1902 and 1910. Given the results of their work, Kurath and his co-workers challenged the belief that American English had the varieties Eastern, Southern, and General American. Instead, they suggested that American English is best viewed as having the following major dialect areas: Northern, Midland, and Southern. That is, they did away with the elusive notion of General American and replaced it with the dialect area that they called Midland.(Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An In troduction. Broadview, 2000) Many Midwesterners are under the illusion that they speak without an accent. They may even believe that they speak Standard American English. But most linguists understand that there is not a single, correct way to speak English. So, yes, even Midwesterners speak with an accent.(James W. Neuliep,  Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, 6th ed. SAGE, 2015)It should be emphasized that everyone speaks with an accent; it is as impossible to speak without an accent as to speak without making sounds. When people deny they have an accent, this is a statement of social prejudice and not linguistics.(Howard Jackson and Peter Stockwell, An Introduction to the Nature and Functions of Language, 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011) Also see: Standard American EnglishAccent PrejudiceEthnic Dialect,  Idiolect,  Regional Dialect, and  Social DialectMarkednessPrestigePronunciationStandard English

Practical Project Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Practical Project Report - Essay Example During my visit, I maintained my study to concentrate on the quality of services offered by the service providers of the restaurant. Glass Brasserie is a unique restaurant in its own way; it is incomparable to other restaurants. My initial observation upon reaching the restaurant was the cool, well-maintained and welcoming environment. Glass Brasserie is located in a human-friendly environment where no client would resist visiting often. This first impression at the entrance of the restaurant depicts an image of what to expect once in the restaurant. In the restaurant, all guest tables are perfectly arranged awaiting the arrival of new clients. The service providers are neatly dressed, and from their looks, one can easily know they have a passion for their profession. Quality in any organization determines the success or failure of the organization (Jane, 2001). Glass Brasserie’s management has enhanced quality delivery of services. The services providers are quick to respond to any new client who comes in the restaurant door. A warm welcome, hand washing and passing of menu to the clients is a welcome gesture. Such a warm welcome makes the client feel appreciated for his/her visit despite the fact that they will pay for the services. In this case, Glass Brasserie has succeeded in aspects of welcoming their clients and making them feel appreciated. Upon the client settling, the service providers take time to display their different type of foods and beverages to clients, expecting the clients to choose what they would like to consume. In the event the menu does not have a food or beverage the client wants to consume, the service providers ensure they find a means to provide the client’s expectations. This once again is a gesture to show appreciation of the clients in their restaurant. The physical aspects of the restaurant in my view are perfectly developed and deployed within the entity. Despite the physical factors of this restaurant, the means of delivery are professional and unique. Service providers in this restaurant deliver client’s order in a stylish and fashionable manner. Professionalism and style-decency in food and beverages is an essential factor to please clients. The manner in which you serve clients determines the reputation of the restaurant to the public. In Glass Brasserie restaurant, the service providers are very innovative and passionate in their tasks. Delivery of cutlery to the clients is on a dish; the cutleries wrapped perfectly in serviettes. This type of delivery shows the level of neatness observed within the restaurant. Upon delivering the cutlery on the table, the service providers carry along the client’s order in a tray. It is common for any restaurant to pack their deliveries on trays, however, the manner in which the service providers at Glass Brasserie deliver makes the difference; their passion for the job makes it look unique. Looking around the restaurant, you can tell tha t the clients are enjoying their stay at the restaurant. This is because they have exposure to quality services of their expectation and to some, beyond their expectations. Once finished taking meals a client has an option to be entertained or leave for the guest room to have some rest. The guest rooms neatly arranged: the level of catering professionalism is of high quality. Each guest is served with all essentials such as towels, bathing soaps, tooth

Abercrombie & Fitch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abercrombie & Fitch - Essay Example â€Å"Abercrombie & Fitch aggressively positioned itself as a â€Å"life style† brand - a brand that embodies the values and appeal of a desirable way of living† (Abercrombie & Fitch, wikipedia, 2006). A&F’s customers integrate all their experiences of observing, using, or consum ¬ing a product with everything they hear and read about it. Information about A&F’s prod ¬ucts comes from a variety of sources and cues, including advertising, publicity, sales personnel, and packaging. The sum of impressions created A&F’s brand image, a single—but often complex—mental image about both the product itself and the company that markets it. In order to appeal to consumers and create a unique brand image, A&F introduced sex-based ad approach. This approach popularized naked body images and nudism as the main concepts of A&F selling strategy. In general, this was a very effective marketing strategy which has helped A&F to appeal to emotions of consumers using unique mixture of clothes, fashion and sex. The sex-based ad approach had a great influence on the society as it was designed to add psychological value to the brand. This approach was introduced becau se frequently purchased products generally require heavy advertising support to remind consumers about the product. Unfortunately, A & F sex-based ad approach prompted boycott around the country. The main problem was caused by the fact that the core of potential consumers includes teens, and sex-based approach is undesirable for this age group. Some critics suppose that ''There's no question that Abercrombie appeals to teen-agers because it's the whole forbidden fruit syndrome" (Khudairi, 1999). A&F represents a promise about a particular product, and sex image was a sort of quality certification. The sex-based approach heated negative publicity because it popularized A&F brand as a sexual one aiming to attract teenage audience by sex messages. Critics state that: "These images and messages are contrary to the best interest of American teens" (Parvas, 2003). A&F managers explain that sexual messages and specific brand image enable customers to better organize their marketplace experience by helping them seek out and zero in on particular products. As noted earlier, the company exerts complete control over the content of its advertising and pays for message placement in the media. However, the media typically receive many more press releases and other public relations materials than they can use. Negative brand image is explained by the fact that the message of sex ads is encoded, conveyed via the appropriate channels, and decoded by the customer-receiver differently. The rationale of sex-based ad approach means that teens are motivated and persuaded to buy the products popularizing "forbidden fruits". Obviously, this approach does not take cultural and moral considerations into account. The advertising appeal is the communications approach that relates to the motives of the target audience. "Hodel said, then A&F will still have to face the outrage of Americans who have had enough of "companies that think sexploitation at a time of rising rates of sexually transmitted diseases is OK if it separates people from their money" (Schneeberge, 2003). As a result of this strategy, A&F has lost its brand equity, which represents the added value that accrues to a product as a result of the company's prior investments in the marketing of the brand. This looses has had a great impact on A&F profitability because brand equity is thought of as an asset representing the value created by the relationship between the brand and customers over time. To return positive image of the company and its brand, A&F should change its ad approach implementing new advertising campaign. It was a

Link Between Social Class and Health Inequalities

Link Between Social Class and Health Inequalities The Relationship Between Social Class and Health Inequalities Introduction The birth of the NHS in 1948 was greeted with considerable optimism. It was believed that a fully comprehensive welfare state where people had their needs taken care of from the cradle to the grave would bridge the gap between the haves and the have nots. Governments were optimistic that increasing social equity would lead to a healthy and long living population, it was not envisaged that demands on the health system would increase rather than decrease. Those who founded the NHS believed that a lot of people were ill because they could not afford to pay for healthcare. This group had got bigger over the years and it was believed that once the backlog had been dealt with then there would be a reduction in the number of people who needed health care (Moore, 2002). However, instead of decreasing the number of people using the NHS continued to grow, this was partly because the idea of what constitutes good health changes over time. People demanded better and higher standards of healthcar e and medical advancements meant that conditions that people would have died from could now be cured. All of this cost money, more money than the founders of the health system had ever envisaged and therefore the health service lurched from one financial crisis to the next with its biggest shake up occurring in 1990. During the last twenty years there have been significant changes in healthcare policy making and in the way in which the NHS operates. Most of these changes have occurred because of politician’s concerns over the rising cost of public health. In the 1980s Margaret Thatcher’s Government introduced marketing and business strategies into the NHS to control expenditure on healthcare and to change the health service. The most important factor here was that of the internal market. Rather than health professionals and patients it was now purchasers and providers of healthcare. This created a two tier system that created inequalities between hospitals and between patients. It split the NHS into competing NHS Trust organisations and parts of the health service were privatised. In 1990 the Community Care Act came into force and many people who were previously institutionalised were released into the community. Most of this type of care is undertaken by social services in conjunction with the health service and with voluntary organisations. The Act placed extra burdens on families to care for ageing or disabled relatives (Walsh et al, 2000). Opponents of the system argued that marketisation would lead to greater inequalities in healthcare provision and the poorer sections of society would be even worse off. It is arguably the case that the people most affected by these changes have been those in the lower classes of society. At the start of the 1970s the mortality rate for working men in the lowest social class was twice as high as for those in the highest, but by the late 1990s the figure was three times higher. This was mainly due to a decrease in the mortality rate for the most well off members where between 1970 and 1990 the rate fell by 30% but only by 10% for members of the lower class (Walsh et al, 2000). The Conservative Government’s failure to address the recommendations of the report commissioned by them to investigate the relationship between social class and health inequalities has meant that class inequalities in the standard mortality rate and the rate of morbidity continue to be matters of substantial concern, and thus, areas for continuing research. Epidemology Epidemology is the study of health across populations rather than in the individual. It studies diseases and their spread, and how to control them. Within the study of health and illness social class is associated with physical risk factors including birth weight and obesity. It is also associated with economic factors and standards of housing and with the social and familial structure.There are detectable patterns of morbidity or illness associated with social class and death or mortality rate statistics also vary widely depending on a person’s class. Those who belong to the higher (capitalist) classes tend to live longer than those who are members of the working class. There is also a strong relationship between a person’s occupation and their life expectancy.[1] Standard Mortality Rates Browne and Bottrill (1999) have identified some of the major inequalities in health and they contend that unskilled manual workers are twice as likely to die before the age of 65 as are white collar workers in the highest class. Analysis for life expectancy differences across England and Wales from 1972-1999 found that there had been a noticeable growth in inequality in this area. During 1997-1999 males in professional occupations tended to live 7.4 years longer than males in unskilled manual occupations. The differences for women in the same period and with respect to the same categories had risen to 5.7 years from 5.3 years in the period 1972-76 There are also regional differences, males born in Glasgow between 1999 and 2001 have a life expectancy of 69 years whereas males born in North Dorset may expect to live until they are 79. Cause of death also varies by social class the major areas of health which showed such differences were, Ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease , respiratory diseases andlung cancer. Semi-skilled and unskilled workers were five and half times more likely to die of respiratory diseases between the period 1986-1999 than were managerial and professional workers. Patterns of limiting illness are also affected by social factors such as class. Forty three percent of all men were long term unemployed or had never worked and this group were five times more likely to suffer from limiting illnesses than were the nine percent that consisted of males in professional and managerial positions. During the twentieth century, as a result of improved living conditions and availability of healthcare, infant mortality had fallen substantially this is a useful indicator of the state of the nation’s health. Nevertheless differences do exist based on the economic status of fathers, birthweight, and mother’s country of birth. There was a 16% overall fall in infant mortality between 1994 and 2002 for babies whose fathers were in managerial and professional occupations, the mortality rate was highest among those babies who were registered by single mothers, for babies registered by both parents but whose fathers were in routine occupations, this fall was only 5%. The different rates within a thousand births across England and Wales are shown in figure 1 below. The figures for the standard mortality rate, although lower than previous periods in the twentieth century, tend to show a noticeable increase during the late nineteen nineties. Morbidity Rates Asthana et al (no date given)[3] undertook secondary analysis of the 1991-97 Health Survey for England found that there is a strong relationship between class and morbidity rates, although this is sometimes overshadowed by the effects of age The researchers also looked at other studies undertaken between 1984 and 2002 and again found a strong relationship between social class and self-reported morbidity. The study found that health inequalities by social class were not usually not the same for men as for women and concluded that there needed to be a separate class analysis by gender. The relationship between class and health inequalities therefore will vary by sex and will vary significantly by age. The study focussed on 16+ with respect to age and class was determined by the occupation of the head of the household. The study found that the impact of class differences was lower for the lower age groups, particularly those between 16 and 25.[4] For every one professional man who suffe rs and later die from coronary heart disease there are three unskilled workers who suffer the same. Manual workers make up 42% of the workforce but account for 72% of work related accidents. Obesity is a killer and twice the number (28%) of women in unskilled work compared to 14% of professional women were obese, and suffered from related symptoms.[5] Stomach cancer also varied with 2.2% of professionals suffering from this and 3% of manual workers, the figures were the same for cancer of the oesophagus. However deaths from cancer (of the alimentary system) varied widely. McCormak et al (1995) found that there was a strong positive relationship between social class and incidences of musculoskeletal disease such as osteoporosis. People of the lower social class were also at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes (Ismail et al, 1999).Littlejohns and Macdonald (1993) identified a strong link between social class and respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, more unskilled workers tended to suffer in this way than did those from the professional classes. There is a strong relationship between class and angina between the 45-75 age group and this increases with age. The difference is less marked for women but tends to peak in the age band 45-54.[6] There is quite a significant class difference between women suffering from raised blood pressure, 17% of professional women reported this condition whereas in unskilled occupations 24% of women said they suffered from hypertension.[7] People from the higher social class may be healthier because they tend to use medical services more often and also because they are more likely to eat a healthy diet. Most studies tend to take the view that although reported morbidity appears to have increased across the population generally the relationship between morbidity and social class has tended to remain much the same for the last ten years. Strategies to Deal with Inequalities Between Social Groups There have been a number of strategies that the Government has introduced since 1998 to combat ill health. In 2005 the Government published a report entitled Tackling Health Inequalities in an attempt to deal with the inequalities evident between different social groups. The Public Service Agreement states that by 2010 the Government will publish a progress report on whether and in what ways the measures to tackle health inequalities have been successful. In 1998 the Government introduced Health Action Zones and twenty six of them were set up in 1999 in under-privileged areas, and where the health status of the population was particularly low. The notion behind the introduction of these zones was that tackling ill health and inequalities in health was not just a job for the NHS but should be tackled by different agencies such as social services, local housing departments and primary health trusts working together to combat inequalities and improve health. Health Action Zones work in two ways, firstly they try to reduce health inequalities by addressing the wider factors associated with ill health and secondly they attempt to improve the quality of health services and increase the access to them. There is, for example a strong link between asthma and cold, damp housing, one health action zone made improvements to heating systems, insulation and damp proofing in council and private homes where children had asthma. As a result of this th ere was a reduction of hospital admissions for children with asthma and they also had less time off school (Moore, 2002). The Government also introduced something called NHS Direct, a telephone based helpline which gives advice to people who are unsure what to do about a health problem. The line not only makes health advice more accessible but in the long run saves money on unnecessary doctor or hospital appointments. NHS walk in centres are located in shopping centres and supermarkets as well as by the side of AE Departments. They are staffed by nurses who give advice and treat minor health problems (Moore, 2002). In 2002 the Government set targets to reduce health outcome inequalities by 2010 with the standards of measurement being the infant mortality rate and the life expectancy rate overall. This standard was chosen because the long term trend in the gap in mortality between professional and manual workers evidenced the fact that it had increased by two and a half times since the period 1930-32. The latest figures on infant mortality and life expectancy show a continuing of widening inequality in t hose areas with the routine and manual work group being 19% higher than the total population in the period 2001-3. Certainly the Government are aware in this report that class inequalities are in health are a result of a number of inter-related factors including diet and housing. Government claim to have invested in the area of housing so that there are less people living in housing that is not suitable to positive health outcomes. They have also taken steps to ensure that vulnerable groups can afford to heat their homes properly in winter. In their 2005 Report the Government say that their efforts to reduce child poverty are showing signs of success and that this will also contribute to children from less well off families having better health. The report claims that the number of deaths from heart disease and strokes is falling, that health inequalities generally are being reduced, and that the gap between disadvantaged areas and the country as a whole has fallen by 22% over the last six years. The Government aims to develop its Healthy Schools Programme in the most deprived communities which are measured by the number of children in receipt of free school meals.[8] The introduction of Sure Start Centres and Healthy Living Centres provide pre-school education for nearly half a million children under four at over five hundred local centres and delivering health and social services to hard to reach groups. Government have increased their campaign to get people to give up smoking with massive advertising campaigns, smoki ng clinics and a ban on smoking in bars and restaurants comes into force in the summer of 2007. Community and school initiatives to back the five a day campaign for consumption of more fruit and vegetables shows that class five families are eating more than similar families in other areas. The report claims that all new policy proposals by government departments also have to take into account health impacts and also how that might have an effect on health inequalities. There are some indications to assume that the gap in health outcomes is beginning to narrow, teenage pregnancies are beginning to fall and there has been an increase in the take up of flue vaccine among vulnerable groups since 2002. Local exercise action plans have been set up in some disadvantaged areas to encourage people to take more exercise and Government have managed to provide intermediate care for more people. Government seem to be taking a much more integrated approach to the problem, an approach which rests on the findings of the Acheson Report. The Acheson Report The Acheson Report needs to be seen in its historical context. In 1978 the Tory Government commissioned the Black Report to investigate the health of the nation. The Report was published in 1980 its brief had been to examine the reasons behind inequalities in health between different groups of people so that policy could be tailored to meet health needs. The report found that there were significant and worrying differences in health outcomes between the social classes. Research has come up with a number of different explanations for the relationship between social class and health inequalities. These are: Artefact explanations The artefact explanation is based on the argument that the growing gap between the classes is the result of a misreading of the statistics and claims for any relationship between the two should be treated with suspicion. Social Selection explanations The social selection explanation is that people who are in poor health are more likely to be unemployed or in low paid work whereas those who are healthy are more likely to have better jobs and living conditions. Cultural explanations Cultural explanations identify consumption and lifestyle as the main causes of poor health. Thus the individual must take responsibility for the sake of their health. Certainly some government campaigns have planted the suggestion that a change in lifestyle can leader to better health and greater longevity (Walsh et al, 2000). Material explanations Materialist explanations regard the cause of health inequalities as the result of wider structures of power, poor working conditions, low pay and associated living standards such as bad diet and poor housing and lack of education. The Black Report concentrated heavily on materialist explanations of health inequality. It recommended that there was a need for a more effective anti-poverty strategy and for better education to combat such inequalities. Since that time there has been a considerable amount of subsequent research e.g. Macintyre (1997) that supported these recommendations, but Margaret Thatcher dismissed the findings on the basis that its recommendations were unworkable because of the amount of public expenditure that would be required to do this. The Conservative Government concentrated on cultural explanations and placed an emphasis on individual life style choices as being the result of inequalities in health. The Black Report was highly influential on later health research and its findings have been used extensively to measure inequalities. Almost twenty years later in 1997 the Labour Government commissioned a similar report, the Acheson Enquiry. The resultant Acheson Report, published in 1998, also recognised the wider factors that contributed to the relationship between class and inequalities in health. The Acheson Report reiterated the fact that materialist explanations of ill health recognise the wider context of material deprivation and inequalities can only be reduced by addressing its root causes. Thus the Report recommended that any attempt at policy making across government departments had to pay attention to any particular health impacts, particularly as they affected those who were disenfranchised, and to legislate in favour of the less well off. The Report argued that the Government take an approach that used what it called both ‘upstream’ and ‘downstreamâ⠂¬â„¢ approaches. Upstream work is characterised by initiatives such as Health Action Zones which attempts to improve health and reduce inequalities by working on the wider factors that contribute to poor health, such as insufficient income and poor standards of housing. There was a particular focus on the inequalities that faced young families and pensioners. There was a recommendation that an automatic Income Support top-up be paid to the poorest pensioners, i.e. those totally reliant on the state pension and who might not recognise their entitlement to further benefits. Such people are also at risk of what the report termed fuel poverty and they may feel unable to heat their homes properly. Government have now substantially increased winter fuel payments to all pensioners in an attempt to lessen inequality in this area. The Acheson Report recommended that there should be an increase in benefits for parents with young children, or a decent living wage for those in unskilled occupa tions, because bringing up a young child entailed more expense than when children got older. The Report also recommended that Government should address housing problems to ensure that people at the lower end of the social scale had decent living conditions. These recommendations were taken on board by the current government who have made inroads into addressing inadequate housing, have introduced a national minimum wage, and have restructured the tax and benefits system. Downstream work is connected with improvements in the NHS and easier access to health services, particularly in deprived areas. The Government has also made inroads in this are through the use of NHS Direct, Sure Start Centres, and Healthy Living Centres. There were recommendations that health inequalities should be monitored and should take account of those groups who were often ignored in policy making, those from ethnic groups and in particular women who for too long had been seen only in terms of their husbands class and occupation.[9] It was further recommended that Government improve conditions for pregnant mothers and for all women of child bearing age to reduce health inequalities and inequalities in infant mortality rates. Conclusion Medical researchers and social scientists investigate why people have poor health, what factors contribute to this and what might be necessary to improve people’s health. Social scientists in particular are interested in all aspects of social life and in the structures that govern society. They investigate why some people have better health than others, why we are a society of rich and poor stratified into classes, and what the wider social effects of the inequalities that result from stratification might be. This paper has looked at epidemiological evidence which indicates a strong and enduring relationship between class and health inequalities. It has found that when the aims of the welfare state for healthy nation and an end to inequity were not realised and Governments found the cost of providing healthcare for all was spiralling out of control. The answer has been, what some people describe as a gradual dismantling of the welfare state and of the health service. However, while such policies may have had adverse effects New Labour’s response to the recommendations of the Acheson Report offsets some of these effects and demonstrates an integrated attempt to reduce the inequalities in health outcomes that exist between social classes. Things are not yet on the decline but there is evidence to suggest that life expectancy and morbidity figures have remained much the same for the last ten years. With new policies coming into play, and Government promises to substantially reduce health inequalities by 2010 it might be said that there is some cause for optimism that the most worrying of these inequalities may, in the future, be satisfactorily addressed. References Acheson, D. 1998. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report London, HMSO Asthana, S Gibson, A. Moon, G. Brigham, P and Dicker J (no date given accessed 18/3/06) The Demographic and Social Class Basis of Inequality in Self-Reported Morbidiity: An Exploration Using the Health Survey for England http://eprints.libr.port.ac.uk/archive/00000016/01/jechdiv3.pdf Black Report Inequalities in Health London, DOH 1980 Browne, K. and Bottrill, I. 1999. â€Å"Our unequal, unhealthy nation†, Sociology Review,9 Giddens, A. 2001 4th ed. Sociology, Cambridge, Polity Press. Ismail, A.A., Beeching, N.J., Gill, G.V. and Bellis, M.A. (1999) ‘Capture-recapture-adjusted prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes are related to social deprivation’,  QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, vol 92, no 12, pp 707-10. Littlejohns, P. and Macdonald, L.D. (1993) ‘The relationship between severe asthma  and social class’Respiratory Medicine, vol 87, pp 139-43. McCormick, A., Fleming, D. and Charlton, J. (1995) Morbidity statistics from general  practice: Fourth national study,1991-1992, London: HMSO. Macintyre, S. 1997. â€Å"The Black Report and beyond: What are the Issues?† Social Science and Medicine, 44 Moore, S. 2002 3rd ed. Social Welfare Alive Gloucestershire, Nelson Thornes Townsend, P. Davidson, N. and Whitehead, M. (eds) 1988 Inequalities in Health, the Black Report and the Health Divide Harmondsworth, Penguin Walsh, M. Stephens, P. and Moore, S. 2000 Social Policy and Welfare. Cheltenham, http://www.sochealth.co.uk/history/black.htm http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/SocialInequalities_summary.pdf accessed 18/3/06 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/Health.pdf ch. 6 p.4 accessed 18/3/06 http://eprints.libr.port.ac.uk/archive/00000016/01/jechdiv3.pdf accessed 19/3/06 http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:STDauFm9KtQJ:image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2002/11/20/TacklingHealthInequalities.pdf+class+inequalities+in+morbidityhl=engl=ukct=clnkcd=30 accessed 19/3/06 http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part1b.htm accessed 19/3/06 http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/76/98/04117698.pdf p.6 accessed 19/3/06 Tackling Health Inequalities 2005 http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part2a.htm part 2 no page number given accessed 19/3/06 1 [1] http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/SocialInequalities_summary.pdf [2] Source http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fosi2004/Health.pdf ch. 6 p.4 [3] http://eprints.libr.port.ac.uk/archive/00000016/01/jechdiv3.pdf [4] Ibid p,8 [5] http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:STDauFm9KtQJ:image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2002/11/20/TacklingHealthInequalities.pdf+class+inequalities+in+morbidityhl=engl=ukct=clnkcd=30 [6] Ibid p,8 [7] http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part1b.htm [8] http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/76/98/04117698.pdf p.6 accessed 19/3/06 [9] http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part2a.htm part 2 no page number given accessed 19/3/06