The Impact Of Customer Relationship Management On Customer...

THE IMPACT OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ON CUSTOMER RETENTION IN BANKS A Thesis Submitted to the Superior University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelors in Business Administration Submitted by Usman Hassan Rahmani BBA- 7145 SUPERIOR UNIVERSITY LAHORE DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that this project is entirely my own work and that any additional sources of information have been duly cited. I hereby declare that any Internet sources published or unpublished works from which I have quoted or draw references fully in the text and in the content list. I understand that failure to do this will result in failure of this project due to plagiarism. I understand I may be called for viva and if so must attend. I acknowledge that this is my responsibility to check whether I am required to attend and that I will be available during the viva periods. Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Name of Supervisor Prof. khansa Irem Acknowledgment: I must offer my thanks to Allah Almighty by whose blessings I have been able to complete my thesis report on† Effect of Integrating marketing Communications to build brand equity† I also offer my thanks to honorable Rector Prof. Ch. Abdul Rehman for providing me a chance to work on thesis. I also offer my thanks to Miss khansa irem for her valuable guidance and contribution in making my report meaningful and useful.Show MoreRelatedCustomer Retention Strategies At Mcdonald s Corporations1502 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the customer retention strategies at McDonald s corporations 1b What is the issue/problem that your proposal addresses and why is it important to the reader? 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Thesis (Point of Sale System) Free Essays

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"Our belief at the beginning of a doubtful undertaking is the one thing that assures the successful outcome of any  venture† Starting up small businesses is a risky venture, particularly for first-time entrepreneurs. Taking a cautious approach and starting small is the best way to launch a small business. Entrepreneurs should avoid investing so much of their personal money that they would be financially ruined should the small-business venture fail. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis (Point of Sale System) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starting a service business allows a skillful entrepreneur with a specialized background to capitalize on his skills to the fullest potential, sometimes earning more than they could work as an employee plying the same trade. They often doing more of the same things that made them successful in the first place and so are the humble beginnings of â€Å"LNKS†. They are the first t-shirt store in their place. June 2010 â€Å"LNKS† was built at Dona Erika Brgy. Zone 2, Talisay City by Achilles Palma, Christian Sausa, Rodzil Camato, Mary Ver Libo-on and Shiera Mae Tuting, group of friends since they were in college. The primary target of the business is the schools that surround the establishment and also the near offices, houses, community and passersby from other cities. The products of this business are produced to meet the customer’s new life style, sense of taste and expectations for better quality less expense t-shirts. Method of transportation is provided to facilitate an efficient distribution of the products to the respective customers. Promotion and advertisement of our products is applied. The investors are the owners of this business and it is now successfully booming in the industry. Honesty and professionalism is what the owners believe that makes the business stand still for a long time. LNKS is using manual system in every transactions and it’s hard for the cashier because it is time consuming and sometimes mistakes can’t be avoided. 1. 1 Organizational Background LNKS is an exciting new business that allows people to custom design a shirt, specifically the design on the front or back. LNKS will harness the power of computer sublimation to allow custom shirt printing in production runs as small as one unit. The company was founded last June 2010 by Achilles Palma, Christian Sausa, Rodzil Camato, Mary Ver Libo-on and Shiera Mae Tuting, LNKS have a storefront in Talisay City as well as a comprehensive website that advertise their products. Imagine the ability to create a totally custom shirt. You choose the material and style of the shirt, and then the image or graphic you want on the front and/or back. This is the ultimate form of expression. There are no limits to what you can communicate. Some people might show their fanaticism for a particular sports team, others a musician or you might have a social message or cause on your shirt. Whatever you may decide,  you can print any image on your shirt because it’s not just a shirt it’s who you are. 1. 2 Company Mission and Vision Mission LNKS’ will offer the finest in custom shirt sublimation production, the best product at the best price and customer’s expectations will always be exceeded. Vision A company that shareholders, customers and society want with trustworthy leading brands for our consumers and customers’ preferred supplier. 1. 3 Unit DescriptionGraphic Designer Web Developer Owner/ Manager Accountant Customer Services Production Supervisor Operation Staff Staff Sales Marketing Fig. 1. 0 Organizational Chart Description The owner/manager is the proprietor of the business. The owner hired a manager to run the business without him or without his supervision or supervise the business himself. The graphic designer supervisor is the one in charge in making all the designs and plans. The web developer is the one who is in charge in doing the advertisement or develop a website for the business as online presence. Production supervisor is the one who supervise if the products meet the supply and demands of the customer. Accountant is the one who does all the financial statement of the company, do the auditing if the business is gaining or losing. Sales marketing are the people who let the business be known in the market they do the advertisement or do some launching to make the business more popular for the consumer. Operation staff is the one in charge in the operation and the one who make decision on what to do or not if there is a problem occur. Who make sure that everything in the operation or in the building is doing good, he is also in charge on those machines and equipments being used if it is still good to used for or not or need a replacement. Customer service is the people who answer customer’s complaints and queries. Staffs make sure that everything was polished and products are ready to market. 1. 4 Current System Description LNKS is using manual system for selling products. Every time there is a buyer, the seller still writes everything from recording sales to receipts. Monthly inventory were based on sales recorded in every transactions. Inventory takes a lot time to discern the result because recorded transactions need to be reviewed first since sometimes error cannot be avoided. The manual system consumes a lot of time and it is laborious for the cashier. . 5 Current Data Flow Diagram Items’ Details Receipt 0 Manual POS Verification of Transaction Client Cashier Bill’s Information Items to be purchased Fig. 2. 0 Context Data Flow Diagram of the Current System This illustrates the Data Flow Diagram of the Walk-in/Order Transaction of the Current System. The cycle shows how the transaction works o ut. As the customer enter the store he/she will choose from the products then it will pass through the cashier were all the data/ bill will be calculated and written down and bills must be paid before customer gets the product/s. . 0 Verification of Product Product Information Cashier Product Client 2. 0 Calculating of Bills Bills’ Information Account Details 3. 0 Payment of Bills Bill/Payment Receipt and Purchased Product/s 4. 0 Issuance of Receipt Fig. 3. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Walk-In Transaction of the Current System This explosion shows the walk-in transaction. Transaction starts when the customer enters the shop. As he/she chooses a product it will go through the cashier. Product will be first verified while the cashier writes everything into a ledger and receipt. Bills will be calculated manually or calculator will be used. After calculating the customer pays the bill and gets his/her receipt and product/s. 4. 0 Issuance of Receipt 3. 0 Paying of Partial/Full Payment 2. 0 Calculation of Bills 1. 0 Verifying of Products Product Stocks Items’ Information Product Client Cashier Bills’ Information Account Details Bill/Payment Claim Slip Claim Slip Receipt and Purchased Product/s Finished Product/s 5. 0 Issuance of Product/s Fig. 4. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Order Transaction of Current System The only difference between walk-in and order transaction is that order customer could pay partial or full and products will be given on the date agreed. 1. 6 Proposed Data Flow DiagramVerification of Transaction Cashier 0 Automated POS Receipt Client Item/s to be purchased Sales Fig. 5. 0 Context Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System This illustrates the Data Flow Diagram of the Walk-in/Order Transaction of the Proposed System. The cycle shows how the transaction works out on proposed system. As the customer enter the store he/she will choose from the products then it will pass through the cashier were the sales happen. Sales include the inputting of data, calculating and payment of bills which all happens on the system. Printed receipt and product/s will be given afterwards but for the order transaction products will be delivered or fetch on the agreed date. 1. 0 Sales Product Information Product Client Cashier 1. 3 Payment of bills 1. 1 Verification of Product Account Details 2. 0 Issuance of Receipt Receipt and product/s Purchased Bills’ Information 1. 2 Calculating of bills Bill/Payment Fig. 6. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Walk-in Transaction of the Propose System. This illustrates the detailed Data Flow Diagram of Walk-in Transaction of the Proposed System. On proposed system everything will be easy and faster because all you/cashier have to do is to input data into the system and the system works everything for you/cashier. As the customer chooses a product/s, cashier input the date and quantity, he/she chooses on the product list price automatically appear, system calculates the total amount and receipt will be printed out. Then product and receipt will be given to the customer. Product Product Stocks 1. 0 Sales Inventory Cashier Client Product Information 2. 1 Verification of transaction 2. 0 Sales Bills Information 3. 0 Issuance of receipt Receipt 2. 2 Calculating/ payment of bills Receipt 3. 0 Issuance of products Products Fig. 7. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of the Order Transaction of the Current System This illustrates the detailed Data Flow Diagram of the Order Transaction of the Current System. Walk-in and order transaction is almost the same. First is that the customer chooses from the list of product and gives added information or requests while the cashier input those data into the system. System will calculate everything for the cashier and as the customer pays the bill, customer will just wait for the delivery of the purchased products on the date agreed. CHAPTER II Project Charter This chapter discusses the strategies being done by the proponent that made them came out with the idea of improving the manual operations inside the business. This chapter also includes the problem statements and the objectives of the project. 2. 2 Statement of the Problem The lists of problems of the current system used of the business are as follows: . Consumes a lot of time on writing every single detail in each transactions. 2. Loss of documents because of unsecure storage due to paper works and ledger. 3. Incorrect/unreliable result of inventory depending on manual list. 2. 1 Project Objective The exact objectives of the proposed Point of Sale System are as follows: 1. Make every transaction easy and faster because cashier will just input data to the computer. 2. To avoid loss of inf ormation/data of transaction because of secure storage and backups are available. 3. To have an accurate total inventory because of automatic calculation of sold/unsold products. 2. 3 Scope and Limitation The main concern of this project is the daily transactions and inventory of LNKS. The purpose of this project is to solve the problem about manual transaction. POS helps LNKS in recording sales, inventory, reports and printed receipts. The POS will be a competitive advantage to business competitors. 2. 4 Project Vision Customers want a faster transaction and that is the LNKS Point of Sale. Records of data are manageable, reliable and well-organized for inventory. 2. 5 Business Constraints All of them are in favor of the project proposal of Point of Sale of LNKS. But we can’t avoid constraint like having employees who isn’t comfortable or used to of using computer yet they are willing to undergo training. Because we are now in a computer generated world customers will surely approve because it will make every transactions faster and reliable. 2. 6 Project Strategy The company studied to find out the problem and gather some suggestion for the betterment of the transaction of the company. The company considers the affect of manual transaction to the cashier and inventory. Company even interacts with other company to mobilize the current system for transaction. The programmer decided to use Microsoft Visual Studio and Access for database to keep track on every data inputted in the Point of Sale System. Programmers studied every corner of the manual transaction for them to know and to figure out what are the problems to be solved and applied in the Point of Sale System. CHAPTER III Review of Related Literature This chapter contains different companies that use POS system in their businesses. The proponents are eager to enhance the capability of the proposed system. In relation to that this chapter’s contents will give the proponents ideas on how to optimize and enhance the system that they would like to have for the benefits of user, employees, the business and the clients. 3. 1 Local Literature E. C. PAY Through the years, E. C. Pay has produced several products and services that catered to the needs of its merchant clients. Several of these noteworthy achievements include real-time loading of air-time credits, bills payment, electronic pins, retailer loading, and POS integration services. Features Technological Conveniences Simple, user-friendly and robust system * Electronic dispensing of e-pins done real-time (i. e. virtually unlimited variety of prepaid card products can be made available) * multi-platform solution enables merchants to select an option suitable to their current business practice and operating procedures * E. C. Pay’s time-tested prepaid virtual wallet system allows for a â€Å"liquid inventory† so that merchants are no longer saddled with the cost of unsold or non-moving products * Updates for new products and services are done centrally by E. C. Pay so there is no need to update the storefront for any change * Real-time Settlement and Reconciliation * Automated Back-office Billing * Daily / Weekly / Monthly reports are sent to the merchants in their preferred formats. * Replenishment is made simpler by loading through other E. C. Pay accredited merchants. Cost Savings / Added Revenue * Reduction/elimination of opportunity losses resulting from stock-outs and over-stocks * Reduction/elimination in prepaid inventory-related costs: a) Handling, b) Receiving, c) Storing, and; ) Delivery * Reduction/elimination of pilferage/theft of prepaid products * Additional revenues arising from other products and services aside from prepaid loading * Additional revenues from advertising and promotions, and partner-sponsored promos and events Security * Various Encryption methodologies are employed generously throughout every possible process to ensure the safe storage and delivery of services * E. C. Pay’s NOC is safely secured in IBM Plaza in Eastwood and is redundant in another VITRO location. * Advanced feedback (i. e. se of â€Å"warning flags† in reconciliation reports to alert clients on potential settlement problems) * Provides access controls for various levels of Web access within a single client * Full audit trails are disclosed and made available to client merchants on their transactions 7-ELEVEN 7-Eleven Food stores migrate to NEC Point-of-Sale system In a move to meet their plans of doubling net income from P9. 3 million of last year, PSC began its foray into information technology to further improve its franchisee and company store operations that will translate to better sales and more responsive customer care. PSC adopted a new point-of-sale (POS) system that is meant to respond more efficiently to the demands of today’s breed of consumers. This includes the provision for one-stop, round-the-clock on-line repayment and purchase services ranging from utility bills to credit card. Features * Efficient distribution of information from store site to corporate site * Multi-store Editing – maintain single corporate database of PLU’s, Prices, Taxes and Screen * Layouts by database store group * Maintain individual store database for employee, store messages and ommunication * Consolidated reporting by time or store group, by region or a combination * Password protected security levels * Schedule daily and weekly tasks such as importing files and receiving consolidated reports * Prices can be assigned to a group of stores or assigned by each store * Hi-speed connections at each site allows store to connect to internet provider via: Router with DSL cable Router with Modem Back- up * Individual store automatically â€Å"pushes† files by schedule to the FTP site * Store database updates downloaded files prior to activation with confirmation. 3. Foreign Literature WENDY’S INTERNATIONAL Wendy’s International has chosen WAND NextGen Point of sale software for its franchisees. WAND currently has more than 1,600 Wendy’s restaurant installations, providing an intimate knowledge of the Wendy’s system. Wendy’s is engaged in a Point of Sale system which would: * Support conversional ordering * Increase accuracy and speed * Allow for significant growth in menu offerings. WAND NexGen POS conducted field studies in various markets and store types, learning about emplyees’ struggles, frustrations, and the unique context in which their employees work. WAND brought back some surprising findings regarding customer interaction, employees’ use of technology (and ways they got around its limitations. ) The proponents also provided insights which helped corporate adjust the way they monitored and communicated with employees. WAND analyzed customer orders collected in the field, and created a design based on this and a host of other data. Thus, the design was founded not only on solid usability principles, but also on hard data specific to the Wendy’s environment. The new design allows cashiers to: Take an order as the customer speaks it with less transaction and fewer interruptions. -Easily make adjustments when the customer changes his/her mind. -Assess order accuracy at the point of interaction, rather than having to continually check the virtual receipt. -Quickly find needed menu items and functions, due to an organization ad flow that matches the way they think. -The new design has produced a 90% reduction in voids whi le increasing speed of service, order accuracy, customer satisfaction, and average check size. NICKY NICOLE Nicky Nicole, a children’s fashion store located in Hudson, Ohio, has only been open a year, but already business is solid. Specializing in clothing, jewelry and items for young girls between the ages of 4-14, Nicky Nicole is quickly merging into the fashion scene. Starting a new business can be overwhelming, but MJ Leman, the owner of Nicky Nicole, did the research and decided long before the store opened that she would use the latest technology to give her an operational advantage. Lehman’s goal from the start was to establish a data-driven based operating system that could accurately track buying and selling. The challenge was finding a cost efficient and easy to use system that would meet the needs of this new specialty store. WASP Quick Store POS Solution was suggested to Nicky Nicole because it includes everything needed to control inventory, conduct sales and manage the customized requirements of a retail business. What the system establishes is the ability to keep track of what is selling and allows the owner to make the proper business decisions when it comes to new orders. In addition, the combination of this detailed data captures system and a clearly labeled inventory guarantees that every sale is professional and error free. This enables Nicky Nicole to increase productivity by eliminating the need for paper files, handwritten data reports, Lehman will not have to worry about lost inventory or stock-outs. With the Wasp POS system, tracking inventory and managing sales at Nicky Nicole is simple. Wasp Quick Store Point of Sale gives this small business access to the same technology that allows the larger, higher-volume retailers too quickly and accurate manage transactions. This complete business management system gives Lehman total control of her store from the sales registers to the stock room and every step in between. . 3 Summary of Findings Based on what the researcher researched and on the data gathered in both local and foreign companies uses Point of Sale System, the researcher found an idea about how the system will look like. The feature of the Point of Sale System is said to be more accurate and much faster in making every transaction. The system will enable also to provide and manage for mainte nance and transaction which can generate an accurate and detailed report ready for submission in every inventory. The system also has various features which involve user-friendly interface and fast lookups. CHAPTER IV FORMS and DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 Form Description This is where the forms are shown and its functions. Fig. 8. 0 LOG IN FORM Log-in form is where every data/transaction of a business is secured. The only one who can access through the stored files is the admin and limited areas for the user/cashier. Fig. 9. 0 MAIN FORM Main form has the record of all transactions; list of products, suppliers, customers, sales order, purchase order and reports. Fig. 10. 0 PRODUCT FORM Product form is where product’s data is added, stored and could be deleted. Fig. 11. 0 SALES FORM Sales Form has the record of sales transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. Fig. 12. 0 PURCHASE ORDER FORM Purchase order form has the record of purchase transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. Fig. 13. 0 ADD CUSTOMER FORM Customer form is where customer’s data is added, stored and could be deleted. Fig. 14. 0 ADD USERS FORM Users Form is where the admin could add another user, edit user’s data or delete a user. Fig. 15. 0 CASHIER FORM Cashier form has a limited button for cashier unlike main form where the only one who could access is the admin. The cashier could only access the sales, sales order and reports. Fig. 16. 0 CUSTOMER FORM Customer Form has the list, with its information, of the entire customer that LNKS has encountered. Fig. 17. 0 SALES RECORD FORM Customer Form has the list, with its information, of the entire customer that LNKS has encountered. Fig. 18. 0 INVENTORY FORM Inventory Form is where the transactions of products purchased are recorded. Fig. 19. 0 PURCHASE RECORD FORM Purchase Order Form displays all the purchase order records that contain supplier’s name, qty, product’s name, price and total amount. Fig. 20. 0 SALES ORDER FORM Sales Order Form has the record of sales transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. 4. 2 Data Dictionary This is where the tables are shown with its column name, data type, field size, if it is optional or not, foreign or primary key and its description. Table 1 Log In Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| User’s unique identifier| Username| Text| 20| No| | Username of user| Password| Text| 20| No| | Password of user| Table 2 Customer Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Customer ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Customer’s unique identifier| Lastname| Text| 50| No| | Lastname of customer| Firstname| Text| 50| No| | Firstname of customer| Address| Text| 100| Yes| | Address of customer| Contact No. | Text| 15| Yes| | Contact No. of customer| Table 3 Product Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Product ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Product’s unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty left in products| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product| Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Table 4 Supplier Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Supplier ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Supplier unique identifier| Suppliers name| Text| 100| No| | Supplier’s Name| Address| Text| 100| Yes| | Address of supplier| Contact No. | Text| 15| No| | Contac No. of supplier| Table 5 Sales Order Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Sales order ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order unique identifier| Customer ID| Number| Long integer| Yes| | Customer’s Name| Date| Date/Time| | No| | Date of transaction| Table 6 Sales Order Details Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Sales Order Details ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order Details unique identifier| Sales Order ID| Number| Long integer| No| FK| Sales Order unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty of products sold| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product| Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Amount| Currency| | No| | Total amount of sold products| Table 7 Purchase Order Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Purchase Order ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order unique identifier| Customer ID| Number| Long integer| Yes| | Customer’s Name| Date| Date/Time| | No| | Date of transaction| Table 8 Purchase Order Details Form COLUMN NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Purchase Order Details ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Purchase Order Details unique identifier| Purchase Order ID| Number| Long integer| No| FK| Purchase Order unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty of products bought| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product| Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Amount| Currency| | No| | Total amount of sold products| CHAPTER V PROJECT TECHNICALITY 5. 1 System Project Scope The programmer designs the system easy for the users to use. It can be access by the admin/user. This system will be used for the daily transaction of LNKS. Information of every transaction are saved and secured. Saved data will used for inventory. 5. 2 Usage Scenario Log-in/Log out Encode Information of Customer Access System for Inventory Reports Access Transaction/Printing Receipts User Log-in/Log out Adding/Editing Prices/Deleting Adding New User/Cashier Access for Inventory Reports Admin User Log-in/Log-out Name| Log in/Log out| Description| Admin can access the system| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will choose the username and type the password. Admin will log-in into the system| Workflow| | Add New Transaction Name| Add Data| Description| Can create new data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin can add new data. * Admin will encode all data needed. | Workflow| | Delete Data Name| Delete data| Description| Can delete data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will delete invalid or undesirable data. | Workflow| | View Data Name| View D ata| Description| Admin can view saved data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will view saved and updated data. | Workflow| | Customer’s Account Name| Log in/Log out| Description| Admin can access the system| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will access the system but with limitation. | Workflow| | Customer’s Data Name| Add customer’s data| Description| Can add new customer’s data| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will add new data for the customer’s record. | Workflow| | Customer’s Data Name| View customer’s data| Description| Can view all customer’s data| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will view customer’s data for transaction purposes. | Workflow| | Customer’s Order Name| Calculate customer’s data| Description| Can total all customer’s order| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will total customer’s order and save the transaction. | Workflow| | Customer’s Bill Name| Issued bill for customers| Description| Can issued receipts for the purchased products of the customer. | Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will sum-up the bill * The user will issued receipts for purchased products. | Workflow| | CHAPTER VI 6. 1 Software Requirements The programmer preferred to use the following software for the propose system of LNKS. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is used for making and designing the GUI of the system, Microsoft Access is used as the database program for monitoring the files or data and Photoshop was used for the logo of LNKS. SOFTWARE| MINIMUM| RECOMMENDED| 1. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008| MVS2008| MVS2008| 2. Microsoft Access| Microsoft Office 2007| Microsoft Office 2010| 3. Photoshop| Photoshop CS3| Photoshop CS5| 6. 2 Hardware Requirements Hardware requirements for the proposed system are the following: HARDWARE| MINIMUM| RECOMMENDED| 1. AMD or Intel Pentium 4 Dual Core processor| 2 Dual Core processor| 4 Dual Core processor| 2. 128 MB of RAM| 128 MB of RAM| Higher if possible| 3. 100 GB Hard drive| 100 GB| Higher if possible| 4. Screen Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"800| | | 5. Mouse| Touchpad| Optical Mouse| 6. Keyboard| any| any| 7. Monitor| 16bit Colored Monitor| 32bit Colored Monitor| 8. USB Storage Mass/Disk for back-up files| 50 GB| Higher if possible| 9. Printer| Laser Printer| Ink Jet Printer| 6. 3 Staff Requirements and Qualification The Point of Sale System is intended for the daily transactions of LNKS with customers and suppliers. The manager is responsible to evaluate reports and improving strategies to enhance the quality of transaction, operation and inventory. The user must also know how to operate the POS or if not the user might go through a training session to familiarize the features, capabilities and different functions of the POS. STAFF| QUALIFICATIONS| 1. Admin| Computer Literate, Proficient in using the system, knows how to troubleshoot. | 2. User| Fast Learner and willing to undergo training. | CHAPTER VII In this part, it discusses about the proposed Point of Sale system for LNKS. This chapter includes the summary, conclusion and recommendation. The summary discusses the reasons why the programmer proposed the Point of Sales system. The conclusion tells the output of the proposed system and the recommendation involves the idea or the suggestions of the programmer. 7. 1 Summary of Findings In proposing the system, the programmer makes sure that the system proposes would be a big help for the LNKS to solve the problem and to be more competitive. The programmer proposed the system to change the current system and remove the problem that the manual system produced. LNKS needs POS system to make the transactions easy and faster, to be more efficient and to avoid loss of documents and incorrect manual list. But before that, the programmer had undergone in the process of observation, data gathering and analysis to think what is the best to provide improvement for the LNKS, the programmer had an idea to propose a POS system for the LNKS. As the first problem states that manual transaction consumes a lot of time because of writing, so POS could make it faster through inputting data directly in the computer. Second problem is the storage where ledger is used and it could be lost or misplaced but it could be saved by POS because of its back up storage with security measures. And the last one is having unreliable result of inventory based on ledger; it could be because of unreadable penmanship or overlook of data, to have an accurate result POS enter where it has an automatic calculation of sold/unsold products and sales report whenever the company needs it. 7. 2 Conclusions The programmer concludes that the POS system is more professional to use than the manual transactions to avoid problems of the LNKS. Through the POS system, LNKS will maintain the records easily and safely and sent an accurate report for inventory. Transaction would be faster and can also avoid errors in listing details. 7. 3 Recommendation The system made to be much more improved than the current system. POS system can meet the needs of LNKS to become successful in such an easy way process and to gain a competitive edge over other business, for its process of transactions is easy and less errors. REFERENCES 7-Eleven (2011, February 13). Point of sale. Retrieved (February 20, 2011) from http://www. 7eleven. com. ph/AboutUs/CompanyProfile/tabid/94/Default. aspx E. C Pay (2012, February 13). Billing and Inventory sytem. Retrieved (Feb 20, 2012) from http://ECPAY. com/Arizona Department of Transportation Wendy’s International. (). Point-of-Sale Designs. Retreived February 18, 2012 Nicky Nicole. (). Point-of-Sale. Retreived February 21,2012 www. waspbarcode. com/point_of_sale/case_nickynicole. asp USER’S MANUAL Log-in and Log-out Procedure (admin and cashier) 1. Log-in form must be filled with username and password. If it doesn’t match or username and password are invalid, a message box will appear to warn the user. 2. If log-in was successful, for admin, MDIFORM will appear consist of transaction, reports, users, items and help. For cashier, a form with Sales and Report button will appear. 3. When Log-out is click MDIFORM will close and it will go back to the Log-in form. Add Sales Procedure (admin) 1. Click Transaction and choose Sales on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Sales Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. Add User Procedure (admin) 1. Click Users and choose Add user on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Add User Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. Add New Product Procedure (admin) 1. Click Items and choose Input Products on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Items Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. Add Sales Procedure (cashier) 1. Click Sales on the Cashier Form. 2. Then the Sales Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. How to cite Thesis (Point of Sale System), Essay examples

Changes In Future Practices Of Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay Example For Students

Changes In Future Practices Of Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay In future twenty-four hours, the chance of a measure surveyor will being an interesting issue to discourse due to the assorted services, cognition, and skill it provided. The liability of the function of measure surveyor will be concerned in the facets of ability and feature of them to accommodate in the hereafter development. There will be suspicion toward on how a measure surveyor traveling to last within the menaces and chances faced in future. The signifier of perceptual experience in measure surveyor will be redefined in the conditions of discovery from the traditional manner. Harmonizing to Marcel Frei and Jasper Mbachu ( 2009 ) , it stated that Every profession evolves in response to the ever-increasing alterations in the planetary concern environment. In order to stay relevant, globally competitory and successful, the Quantity Surveyors need to constantly scan their concern landscape to spot new waies and to accommodate to at hand alterations in their professional pattern. Fadhlin Abdullah and Ismail Haron ( 2007 ) said that The environments for measure surveying pattern have changed along with the state s rapid economic development. The functions of measure surveyors have besides evolved along with the alterations. Future development chances and alterations will hold deductions on the development of the profession. RICS ( 1998 ) indicated that The QS Think Tank Report noted that many regular clients are critical of traditional measure surveying services and are demanding a different and more comprehensive scope of services that is proactive, clien t orientated and supported by significantly better direction and concern accomplishments. Scope of Study This paper will concentrate on the types of alterations and challenges act uponing the measure surveyor on their hereafter patterns. The survey will find the factors that lead to alter in measure appraising occupation. This survey will concentrate on the external factors which are the menaces and chances that would endanger and optimise the calling of measure surveyor in future. The research will merely be bounded in metropolis nearby Kuala Lumpur due to the restriction in carry out the occupation. There will be about 20 QS houses and 50 Registered QS being investigated for the findings of necessary information and information. It is because the KL is the most developed metropolis in Malaysia, and as a consequence the KL QS houses will confronted the most invention and development due to the rapid growing in alterations of development. Hence, the results of consequence will be dependable. Background By and large, a measure surveyor is a professional in the building industry which their function is concerned with building cost in a undertaking. In origin or design phase of a undertaking, measure surveyor shall fix a preliminary estimating and cost planning for design brief, and advice for procurance method suitable for the undertaking. In tendering procedure phase, measure surveyor shall fix for Bill of Quantity, stamp paperss, stamp studies, and contract paperss which to choose a contractor for the undertaking. A measure surveyor fundamentally should requires the technique to mensurating measures from the drawings prepared by interior decorators, which known as Taking Off and it is means to calculate out the measures of work where is used to fix Bill of Quantity. Then the Bill of Quantity is intentionally for the contractor to make full in monetary values indoors in order to find out the building cost. During building phase, a measure surveyor shall supply services like rating o f plants for meantime, ratings and certifications, contractual advice, and fix concluding history after completion of building phase. Those services stated on above are likely the traditional perceptual experience of the occupation of measure surveyor. .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 , .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .postImageUrl , .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 , .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96:hover , .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96:visited , .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96:active { border:0!important; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96:active , .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96 .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1166679ab0578f1f6bd69a8aac108d96:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lady Macbeth In The Tragedy Of Macbeth; The Iron Butterfly EssayIn latter twenty-four hours, the Quantity Surveyor with the other professionals in building industry seems to hold some important alterations. The traditional proficient and professional services of measure surveyors still relate to measurement and certifications, monetary value, value and cost of building, pre- and post- stamp direction, contract disposal, and concluding history. Those services contribute as the chief income for the bulk portion of QS patterns. However, there are exist of attacks to newer countries on procurance included Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) / Public Private Partnerships ( PPP ) , denationalization, building jurisprudence and difference declaration, socio-economic development, administration and else. There are now acquiring more of concerted nearing like partnering which have been seen as a displacement in utilize of traditional methods of procurance and it shown a figure of challenges to the QS profession, patterns and academic. The QS profession is non even more merely remain in standing still and has evolved to the development of new services which concern on hazard and value direction, installations direction, building undertaking direction, undertaking funding, international building, contract disposal, sustainability, legal and environmental services. Such development is innovated in order to response the alterations required by the procuring clients. Those services provided by the profession are non bounded any longer by the traditional signifier which implicated that new service and greater competition will be originate internally and externally from the profession. Quantity Surveyor occupation besides can be related with the extension, renovation, care and destruction of a installation. Notwithstanding, building industry is planetary and extends across all existent estate and substructure markets. Nowadays, Quantity surveyor occupation screen in all sector of the building industry worldwide, which in existent estate it including on Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Leisure, Agricultural, and Retail. In substructure, the sector including Roads, Railways, Airports, Waterways, Seaports, Coastal defenses, Power coevals and Utilities. Besides, Quantity Surveyor occupation can be linked to in procedure technology, such as chemical technology workss or oil rigs. Absolutely, they need to understand all facet relevant to the whole life of a edifice or installation. They besides necessary to necessitate the capableness to admin cost efficaciously, comparing quality and value which personally deal with demand of client. Importance of Study This survey is intentionally to supply an overview of perceptual experience in calling of measure surveyor patterns in future. It is to let the practician of measure surveyor under instruction phase to derive understand on the field which they are traveling to research in future. The research will allow them with the information of cognition, technique, and accomplishments which they are required in future calling in order to let them to accommodate easy with future tendency development. It is besides to supply them with a new perceptual experience to good fix on their ego so that they are readily and able to confront those challenges in hereafter. Research Methodology The survey for the geographic expedition on other countries will started by secondary informations resource in literature reappraisal to happen the indispensable resources which from reading relevant magazine, diary, newspaper and book. The seeking from cyberspace will be applied by sing the relevant authorised articles, thesis, research and related web site. The information and statistic for the geographic expedition will expected to derive from the statistic section and organisation such as CIDB, BQSM, ISM, RICS and others. The determination for menaces and chances will obtained by primary informations resource in study questionnaire which distributed to those professional of Register QS in order to acquire some informations analysis. Then a series of interview will be undertaken to place and look into for more inside informations and stipulate issue which come from their ain sentiment and ideal whereby it is unable to obtain from study questionnaire. .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451f c1ab , .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab .postImageUrl , .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab , .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab:hover , .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab:visited , .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab:active { border:0!important; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab:active , .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89 451fc1ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3c2181ab74 b7379215082c89451fc1ab .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c2181ab74b7379215082c89451fc1ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Existentialism Essay By Jean Paul Sartre

Southern Colonies Religion Essay Example

Southern Colonies Religion Paper Religion in the Southern Colonies Southern Colonies claimed to have religious freedom but that tended to be a superficial idea. In these colonies Anglican faith was the most predominate. Anglican included Presbyterian and Baptist. While Protestants were somewhat tolerated most were Anglican. They didn’t really consider Native Americans and slaves religion to be an actual religion. Several people tried to convert slaves and Native Americans to their religion. When slaves began to give in they became predominately Baptist. Anglican churches spread along the length of the Atlantic seaboard, the largest concentration being in the coastal South. In these colonies, Anglicanism also enjoyed the advantage of being the established, state-supported church, as it had been in England since the sixteenth century. In Anglicanism great emphasis is placed on observing a formal ceremoniesthe celebration of saints days and other holy days. They had great performance of elaborate, dramatic ceremonies, the conduct of worship by reciting set prayersall accompanied by organ music and choral singing and led by priests wearing vestments. Much like Roman Catholics, Anglicans have always favored elegantly constructed churches with ornately decorated interiors. The purpose of all this outward show is to instill those attending worship with a sense of awe and piety. They were considered shallow. | Burton Parish Church in Virginia. Burton Parish Church in Virginia. | | 5a. Maryland — The Catholic Experiment James Barry, 1793 In this engraving, Cecil Calvert presents his 1649 Act Concerning Religion to the ancient Spartan lawgiver, Lycurgus, while libertarians throughout history, including Ben Franklin and William Penn, look on. We will write a custom essay sample on Southern Colonies Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Southern Colonies Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Southern Colonies Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer New England was not the only destination sought by those fleeing religious persecution. In 1632, Cecelius Calvert, known as Lord Baltimore, was granted possession of all land lying between the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay. Lord Baltimore saw this as an opportunity to grant religious freedom to the Catholics who remained in Anglican England. Although outright violence was more a part of the 1500s than the 1600s, Catholics were still a persecuted minority in the seventeenth century. For example, Catholics were not even permitted to be legally married by a Catholic priest. Baltimore thought that his New World possession could serve as a refuge. At the same time, he hoped to turn a financial profit from the venture. Maryland, named after Englands Catholic queen Henrietta Maria, was first settled in 1634. Unlike the religious experiments to the North, economic opportunity was the draw for many Maryland colonists. Consequently, most immigrants did not cross the Atlantic in family units but as individuals. The first inhabitants were a mixture of country gentlemen (mostly Catholic) and workers and artisans (mostly Protestant). This mixture would surely doom the Catholic experiment. Invariably, there are more poor than aristocrats in any given society, and the Catholics soon found themselves in the minority. The geography of Maryland, like that of her Southern neighbor Virigina, was conducive to growing tobacco. The desire to make profits from tobacco soon led to the need for low-cost labor. As a result, the number of indentured servants greatly expanded and the social structure of Maryland reflected this change. But the influx in immigration was not reflected in larger population growth because, faced with frequent battles with malaria and typhoid, life expectancy in Maryland was about 10 years less than in New England. Fearful that the Protestant masses might restrict Catholic liberties, the House of Delegates passed the Maryland Act of Toleration in 1649. This act granted religious freedom to all Christians. Like Roger Williams in Rhode Island and William Penn in Pennsylvania, Maryland thus experimented with laws protecting religious liberty. Unfortunately, Protestants swept the Catholics out of the legislature within a decade, and religious strife ensued. Still, the Act of Toleration is an important part of the colonial legacy of religious freedom that will culminate in the First Amendment in the American Bill of Rights. Maryland At the time, Cecilius Calvert received a charter from the crown to found the colony of Maryland in 1632. Calvert came from a wealthy Catholic family, and he was the first single man to receive a grant from the crown, rather than a joint-stock company. He received a grant for a large track of land north of the Potomac river and east of the Chesapeake Bay. Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Catholics, most of which were well-to-do nobles such as himself, but were unable to worship in public. [7] He planned on making an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have a large manor and tenants would work on fields, chores, and other deeds. However, with extremely cheap land prices, many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land for themselves anyway. Quickly the population became a Protestant majority, and in 1642 religious tension began to erupt. Calvert was forced to take control and pass the Act for Religious Tolerance in 1649, making Maryland the second colony to have freedom of worship, after Rhode Island. However, the act did little to help religious peace. In 1654, Protestants barred Catholics from voting, ousted a pro-tolerance Governor, and repealed the toleration act. [8] Maryland stayed Protestant until Calvert re-took control of the colony in 1658. In Virginia, which may be taken as the type of southern local government, the county, first called the shire, was the unit of representation. The large plantations rendered the compact settlement impossible. At first the parish was the local unit, but it soon gave way to the county. The chief county officer was the sheriff, appointed by the governor. Next to the sheriff stood the colonel, whose duties were largely military. The counties were divided into parishes which were governed by vestries, whose duties were largely ecclesiastical. Local government, judicial and administrative, was chiefly in the hands of a county court, whose members, usually prominent planters unlearned in the law, were appointed by the governor. This court gradually came to do the business formerly done by the parish. Instead of the town meeting, as in New England, the Virginians had their court days, on which the people of every rank would gather on the green about the courthouse to transact private business, to engage in sports, and to listen to stump speeches. In South Carolina there were parishes, but neither counties nor townships. In the Carolinas the governor and legislature found it almost impossible to govern the mountainous districts, and they were aided by bands of regulators organized or the purpose. In Maryland the hundred was the unit of representation till 1654, when it gave way to the county. The officers of the hundred, except the assessor, were appointed by the governor. Maryland discarded the term hundred in 1824, but Delaware, having adopted it, retains it to this day. In Delaware the levy court, composed of the assessors, justices, and grand jurors, met once a year to fix tax rates. The middle colonies b orrowed from both New England and the South; they adopted a mixed system of county and township government. In New York the township was the local unit, and not till after the English conquest was the county organized. Under English rule the town meeting was instituted, but with less power than in New England. They chose overseers, instead of selectmen, and other officers. After 1703 they chose a supervisor to manage the affairs of the township and he was also a county officer as a member of the county board of supervisors, which met once a year. In Pennsylvania the county was at first the only organization for local government. It had charge of the non-judicial, as well as the judicial, business. This was at first among the duties of the court, but at length it was placed in the hands of commissioners elected by the people. As the population increased the township was organized to aid the county in local matters, such as the care of highways, the assessing of property, and the like; but the county remained the administrative district and the unit of representation. Nearly all the states o rganized since the Revolution have adopted the mixed system of New York and Pennsylvania.

Why do we continue to destroy our world

Why do we continue to destroy our world? Everyday we take more and more natural resources. A Dutch study found that twenty percent of our cartrips are a mile or less. A Dutch researcher by the name of Linda Steg, Ph.D., reported that the Netherlands are now using twenty five percent more energy than they did fourteen years ago. This all says that we are not conscious of how fast we are damaging the delicate balance we have with Mother Nature. Why do we humans continue to be the only species that destroys and uses our planet and also drains and kills it (Gifford)? One of our most precious resources, our water, becomes more polluted everyday. The Great Lakes, home to one-fifth of the worlds surface fresh water, is so polluted that lake trout can not even reproduce in them. Both Canada and some states rely on the Great Lakes for food. Now some scientists do not even cow what species of bacteria or parasites that they are finding in some fish. This is because international ships come in and bring nonindigenous bacteria and parasites, which have no natural predators, thus upsetting the delicate balance we have with our ecosystem. It is believed that the declining coastal shorelines and wetlands. Many of our water systems have also received pollutants in them form the runoff of herbicides and pesticides, known as agricultural runoff. This agricultural runoff is responsible for around fifty to seventy percent of our surface water pollution( Magnuson). We have polluted our world for centuries. In the nineteenth century they had soda ash factories. Soda ash is an extremely alkali product. You can only imagine what was cone with the ash that they could not use. Then come the twentieth century when we have just about covered around the world with waste: from the Alaskan oil spill to testing nuclear weapons (on small islands, in the desert, under water, and in the

How to Write the Perfect Administrative Assistant Resume

How to Write the Perfect Administrative Assistant Resume Let’s face it: administrative assistants are often the unsung heroes of any office. They’re the front lines in the war against chaos and misplaced information. It’s a career path that can lead you anywhere because the skills you pick up and build along the way are so universal and adaptables)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Spration of power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spration of power - Essay Example Congress investigations are not limited to oversight of the judiciary or executive, but other matters of national interest that require future legislation. Some of the matters that Congress has investigated include the activities of Ku Klux Klan, Interstate commerce, Vietnam War, organized crime and Wall Street banking practices (Hames and Ekern 101). Congress investigated President Nixon conduct in Watergate scandal that led to resignation of the President. Generally, the power of Congress to investigate and obtain information is broad and Supreme Court has affirmed that such power is essential to the legislative function. The Congress investigations powers were confirmed in the case of McGrain v Daugherty that arose from Harding Administration scandals. The Senate Committee investigated the failure of the Attorney General to prosecute violations of federal law. Mally S. Daugherty, the Attorney General did not honor Congress summons and applied to US District Court in Ohio for writ of habeas corpus. The District Court restrained the Senate from arresting Daugherty, but the Supreme Court reversed the opinion by outlining that that Congress had power to compel testimony that could be used for legislative purposes (Rosenberg 3). The Supreme Court held that a ‘legislative body cannot legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation will affect or change’. In the case of Watkins v United States, the court held that the power of inquiry was broad and inherent in the legislative process thus encompasses inquiries related to administrat ion of current statutes and proposed or needed statutes (Rosenberg 3). The Courts also extended the investigative powers from wrongdoing to include corruption, wastage, inefficiency in Federal Government departments thus allowing Congress to inquire and publicize corruption and other malpractices in government agencies (Rosenberg 3). Congress has investigated violations

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the Essay

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the new economy bubble and the banking crisis - Essay Example While the bailouts were seen to greatly help in preventing the financial depression from spiraling out of hand, the economic recovery is seen to be quite feeble as compared to the other previous post-war upturns. By using different concepts and theories, this paper will show how the capital markets were responsible for creating both the conditions that led to the â€Å"new economy† bubble and the banking crisis. A record is seen to have been set by the Dow Jones when it closed at 14,047 on October 9, 2007, however, just one year later, the Dow Jones was seen to be just above 8,000, after it happened to drop by a staggering 21% in the first nine day of October 2008. Across the world, most major stock companies had also experienced huge plunges alongside the Dow Jones. Numerous companies began to start laying off their workers in droves as they were force to put off any capital investments that they might have had. Credit markets became nearly paralyzed as individual consumers in the United States were systematically denied loans for college tuition and mortgages. The effects of this crisis are still being felt in most rich countries and especially so in those located in Europe, where the financial crisis eventually evolved into the euro crisis. The 2007-09 global financial crisis is viewed to have been a very powerful reminder of the fact that crises can often have a multifaceted nature. The recent global financial crisis is perceived to have been triggered as a result of a combination of various complex factors that included relatively easy credit conditions seen in the period ranging between 2002 through to 2008. These conditions are seen to have encouraged a large number of high risk borrowing and lending practices without the capital markets first assessing factors such as international trade imbalances, default risk, government revenues and expenses fiscal policies and real-estate bubbles among other factors. New

To what extent is Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

To what extent is Frankenstein Essay The monster is indirectly referred to as Satan as they are both related to evil and death; however by performing galvanism, Frankenstein is compared to god due to creating life. God and Satan is the perfect example of good versus evil, making the monster and Frankenstein equally good and evil. Mary Shelley uses emotive language throughout the novel; she chose adjectives and adverbs to intensify the characters feelings. In numerous occasions, Frankenstein says Alas! making certain things seem more dramatic, He also uses exaggerated phrases such as ardently desired and frantic impulse. Frankenstein cannot always express his feelings verbally but Mary Shelley finds a clever way of fitting it in through a dream, in which he thought he saw Elizabeth and so he embraced her and kissed her on the lips. Shelley reintroduces the gothic atmosphere writing but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death. This element is quite disturbing as Elizabeth changes into his mothers corpse. There are several instances of life and death occurring during the novel. The first is when the monster is brought to life. The characters that die, or are killed during the film are Frankenstein, William, Clerval, Elizabeth, Justine and Frankensteins parents. At the end of the novel we are left to presume that the monster is died as he is left standing, surrounded by fire in the middle of the water. An example of gothic literature is I wandered like an evil spirit shows that it is almost like Frankenstein is living death. Heaven and hell are obliquely referred to during the novel; there are references to Genesis which ties into the theory of God and Satan, mentioned previously. The monster, not only compared with Satan but Shelley also made a contrast between the monster and Adam from the Genesis as he was the first man created by Frankenstein (the monsters god). One major setting is the sublime surroundings of the Alps. This could have been influenced by Shelleys husband as he was a romantic poet and as most poets of this category inured to write about beautiful scenery rather than actual love stories. In the late 18th century, Gothicism was a segment of the Romantic Movement and although Frankenstein is presumed primarily Gothic, it has significant links with the Romantic Movement. These poets also wrote about the idealisation of nature, which was experienced by Robert Walton, who was isolated to an extent because he was situated in the middle of the Alps where anything could happen. Shelley very cleverly used the pathetic fallacy in many scenes; for example when the monster comes to life, the weather is typically stormy, dull and dreary and when Frankenstein is anxious and scared, there is another bad storm. This is another typically gothic thing to find in and Shelley has used it to her advantage. There are various points in the novel which build up suspense for the reader. Storms typically represent quite a ghastly, daunting and gothic atmosphere which Shelley has introduced storms to create a sense of foreboding and chaos; for example when Frankenstein is at Williams grave and evidently when the monster is brought to life. The monster threatens Frankenstein that he will be at his wedding, It is well. I go; but remember, I shall be with you on your wedding-night, this echoes in the readers mind as they feel scared as Shelley has portrayed a sense of mystery and it shows the build up of suspense. There is no closure at the end of the story, He was soon borne away by the waves and lost in distance and darkness, which is a typically gothic ending as it ends in darkness with a cliff-hanger leaving the reader to fear the monsters return. Frankenstein is clearly typical of gothic literature due to the isolation of the characters, the differences between life and death, the emotive language, the weather and the setting as well as the general gothic, frightening atmosphere. Throughout the novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelley was exploring her own background by using some of her mothers ideas as well as the style of her fathers novels. She created a typically gothic atmosphere which helps the reader to experience the depth of the story. In my opinion, Frankenstein creates a gothic genre which illustrates the importance of life and death as well as teaching the reader to take responsibility in their actions and to not leave anyone in isolation. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Why Did Adolf Pick The Jews? :: essays research papers

Why Did Adolf Pick The Jews? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- People sometimes ask why the Jews were the people to get harmed during the Holocaust or why Holocaust even happened. Jews were the targets of Holocaust because Adolf Hitler hated Jews and blamed them for all of the problems in the world. He mainly blamed them for Germany's loss in World War I. Hitler told the German that they could have won the war, if the Germany had not been "stabbed in the back" by the Jews. While Hitler's hate was the main reason for Holocaust, we are not sure why it was allowed to go on to the death of most the Jews and the others that Hitler hated. Hitler was helped in his planning of Holocaust by the fact that discrimination against Jews was acceptable in Germany and few spoke out against it, but that is not a complete answer. We must look instead to the fact that the Nazi general beliefs permeated all things of life in Nazi Germany until there was no one left to protest against Holocaust. At the Nuremberg Trial, where the surviving leaders of the Nazi group were tried for their crimes, two of the witnesses were asked whether Holocaust was an inevitable result of Nazi general beliefs. Otto Ohlendorf, an SS officer who commanded a group which murdered the Jews, thought that Holocaust was not a necessary result of Nazi general beliefs. A few days later Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, a general in the SS who had fought in the invasion of the Soviet Union, did not agree. He said, "If for years, for decades, a doctrine is preached to the effect that the Slav race is an inferior race, that the Jews are not even human beings, then an explosion of this sort is inevitable.

Person I Admire

I could say there was one person that I admire the most, but truth us there are more than one. One person that comes to mind the most beleive it or not is Angelina Jolie. A celebirty is a funny one to admire†¦ But what i admire of her is the dedication that she has to the causes that are true to her. Now that can mean anything and some people might say that she is just another celebirty in search of recognition. But what I see is someone that has used her celebirty for the betterment of others in ways that are more than superficial.Unlike Madonna and others she has worked hard and has spent days at a time if not weeks in places like afganistan and Leone for her cause. She has given without condition and as a result of it has given a home to children that otherwise would not have another chance. So I admire her as a true humanitarian. If fame follows her it is truely because we cannot get enough of her and not because she invites it. But the one person that I admire the most my g randmother.She was a great woman and one that held on in times of turmoil, she taught me to be strong and if I have to cry go ahead. But to keep focused and when I was done feeling sorry for myself get to work on fixing the problem and not dwelling on it. She taught me that no one said life was fair so quit acting like some one said it was and then took it away. Be a woman, and being a woman is expecting respect as well as demanding it. Funny thing, she always said a man's world is always easier than a womans. So if all you have to do is get through a mans world you are home free!!

“Death of Socrates” by Jacques-Louis David Essay

Behind every great piece of artwork lies a story. Each story told by art is defined by the era in which it was created. For one to truly comprehend what message an artwork conveys, one must be familiar with the historical context from which it was taken. One great example would be â€Å"Death of Socrates† by Jacques-Louis David. The meaning of the painting can only be derived from an understanding of the 18th century, an era where the Enlightenment occurred and Neoclassicism flourished. The painting â€Å"Death of Socrates† was created during the 18th century. Despite this, the artwork depicted personalities from ancient philosophy. One would be prompted to ask, â€Å"Why did the artist choose to paint figures from antiquity in an 18th century art piece? The answer lies in the historical period in which the artist was included. In 18th century, Europe was immersed in an era known as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment. During this time, reason prevailed in all aspects of human life. The dominance of reason altered the political and social landscape, as people began to challenge traditional institutions and beliefs. The Enlightenment was very influential in France, which is why it is no surprise that Jacques-Louis David had applied Enlightenment ideals in his paintings. It must be noted that the late 18th century was also known for the â€Å"renewed interest in classical antiquity† (Gardner, Kleiner and Mamiya 646). The revival of Greek and Roman culture was most apparent in Neoclassicism, a movement which borrowed the basic elements of classical art. Neoclassicism became evident in architecture, painting and sculpture; all these disciplines integrated the styles and themes of the ancient world. David was part of the Neoclassicist movement and became one of its most prominent painters. This was the reason he chose Socrates as his subject. Hence, David’s style and technique as an artist was shaped by the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism. The painting describes the last moments of Socrates (â€Å"Jacques-Louis David†). The philosopher is seated upright on a bed in the middle of the painting, surrounded by his companions. His left hand points in an upward direction, which is an indication of the ancient Greek belief in the transmigration of souls. According to this belief, the soul lives forever. This is the reason why Socrates is seemingly unconcerned with his impending demise and had freely accepted his fate. Meanwhile, his right hand reaches for the hemlock. The hemlock was placed in the middle because death is the central theme of the painting. One would wonder why David chose to depict Socrates with the physique of a young man when the philosopher was in his 70s. It must be noted that â€Å"Death of Socrates† is a Neoclassical piece, which means that David followed the style of ancient Greek art. Ancient Greek art is known for its ideal, perfect depiction of human beings. Compared to Socrates, the people who surrounded Socrates display a completely different attitude. The companions of Socrates are depicted as figures overwhelmed with anguish due to the philosopher’s impending death. The people on the right side of the painting are obviously distressed by death. They are depicted as excessively emotional, which rendered them remarkably distinct from Socrates. Only three figures in the painting seemed more in control of their emotions. The wife of Socrates, who is found in the left side of the painting, is leaving the prison with an indifferent facial expression. Crito is seated on a stool on the foot of Socrates’ bed, with his head down. Meanwhile, Plato has a firm grip on the leg of Socrates. Such action implies that Plato did not want his master to surrender to death. In this painting, the philosopher’s attitude and way of thinking becomes apparent due to the different reactions towards death as shown by the figures. While others mourn his last living moments, Socrates’ remain indifferent and unaffected. He accepts his death while keeping his beliefs intact. The philosopher has a more accepting perspective of death; instead of fearing death, he embraces it. David meant for the painting to be a reaction towards the political situation of France during that time. As a part of the French Enlightenment, he and his friends demanded change in the leadership of the monarchy. The painting was made prior to the French Revolution and the painter wanted his work to serve as an inspiration to those who would be involved. He sought to tell the French people about their duty to the nation. He wanted to convey the message that they must sacrifice for the good of the people and fight against unfair leadership. This was the reason why he chose Socrates as his subject. The Enlightenment called for freedom of thought. The era was about the transformation of society towards the truth. Socrates was a man who defended freedom of thought. However, he was killed by the Athenian government who wanted to diminish the doubt that his beliefs aroused. The death of Socrates was the death of truth. Through the painting, David criticized the French monarchy for suppressing the truth. Like Socrates who chose to defy the government and stay true to his beliefs, David wanted the French people to fight against unjust leadership and defend freedom of thought. The play of light and darkness in â€Å"Death of Socrates† helped showcase the message David wanted to express. For instance, the brightest part of the painting is in the middle, where Socrates was situated. Meanwhile, the darkest areas of the painting are on the sides. In the left side, there is the dark hallway as well as the staircase through which the wife of Socrates leaves the scene. The upper right hand side of the painting, the area which is found above the mourning people, is also rather dark. There is a reason behind such distribution in the painting. David envisioned Socrates to be a role model; the latter proved to be formidable figure that was not swayed by the coming of death. He was a man who willingly gave up his life and refuses to deny his ideals. This was the reason why the light was fixed upon him. Those who are situated the dark areas are the people David wanted to change. The darkness touches upon the weeping companions of Socrates, those people who surrender to grief when confronted with death. The wife of Socrates is depicted as fleeing from the scene, as if she cannot bear to deal with the philosopher’s demise. David wanted virtue and sacrifice from the people who are confronted with a revolution and those in the dark areas in the painting represent those who lack these notions. The movement of the figures is also instrumental in demonstrating the meaning of the painting. The viewer can clearly see the contrast between the stance of the philosopher and the stance of the people around him. On one hand, Socrates is in a straight sitting position; the painting makes him appear full of life and energy. It is also evident that he possesses self-control at that moment. On the other hand, the figures who surround him reveal lifeless body language. The philosopher’s companions are shown to be stooping, with their heads dropped. The posture of the figures alone highlights the difference between Socrates and his companions. The difference in posture contributes to the meaning of the painting because it asserts the position of Socrates as the one to emulate in the time of the French Revolution. David wanted the French people to be like Socrates, a man who stood by what he believed in and was not afraid of the consequences. All artworks have a story to share. The story behind an artwork can be best understood when one is familiar with the historical era from which it was made. In the case of â€Å"Death of Socrates† by Jacques-Louis David, one must know about the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism in the 18th century to know what the artist wanted to convey. David was an artist who was strongly influenced by the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, so the only way to truly understand his work is to look through history. Works Cited Gardner, Helen, Fred S. Kleiner and Christin J. Mamiya. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective. Florence, Kentucky: Cengage Learning, 2005. â€Å"Jacques-Louis David: The Death of Socrates. † Boston College Web Site. 27 Nov. 2006. 31 March 2009 .

The Great Depression crisis

The Great Depression crisis Introduction The year 1929 to 1939 marked the period when the western world was almost brought on its knees. Never in the history of civilization had the Western world experienced such a severe and prolonged period of depression. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Great Depression crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The depression effects spread from United States to the rest of the world. Generally, there were spiraling rates of unemployment, reduced output and high levels of deflation across the globe. The economic and cultural crisis occurring as a result of the depression almost paralleled what was experienced during the Civil War. Economic History The effects of depression were felt at different times in different parts of the world. Europe and the United States were most affected. On the other hand, countries like Japan and those in Latin America were the least affected. The depression was trigg ered by several factors such as inappropriate economic policies in United States that led to a decline of output, a fall in consumer demand and widespread financial panic (Duiker, 2007). The downturn was transferred to other parts of the world more conveniently due to the gold standard that was used by all countries to facilitate exchange of currency. In retrospect, the great depression was brought to an end when the countries unanimously agreed to do away with the gold standard. Instead, a consensus of expanding the monetary policy was reached to reduce the likelihood of such an occurrence. New economic theories were adapted, new global economic institutions built and new microeconomic policies enacted and implemented (Romer, 1992). The economic downturn began in the summer of 1929. The great depression was to wreck havoc from this period up to early 1933. Prices and output fell sharply. The United States experienced a 47% decline in industrial production and its GDP fell by 30%. Deflation which is the measure of a fall in wholesale price index had fallen by 33%. Unemployment is said to have gone up by 20% according to statistical reports (Keylor, 2001). A person can understand best the severity of this depression when the foregoing statistical results are compared to the recession occurring from 1981 to 1982 in the United States. In between this period, GDP plummeted by 2%, unemployment had gone up by 10% and the prices increased dramatically though they suddenly started declining. The condition of gradual decline in prices after previously rising sharply is called disinflation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A country like Great Britain had to endure prolonged periods of depression especially during the 20’s after having decided to revert to gold standard system with an overvalued currency (Crossley et al., 2009). However , the situation was less serious in Britain compared to United States if statistical evidence is anything to go by. Statistics indicate that decline in industrial production in UK was a third that of the US. Though the effects of great depression were slightly felt in France, this country had difficulties recovering from slowed economic growth in 1932. This led to a substantial decline in prices and production from 1933 all the way to 1936. Some countries in the Latin America were not spared from the effects of the great depression which occurred much earlier in comparison to United States i.e. in 1928 and 1929. Argentina and Brazil were least affected. In Japan, the downturn occurred a little bit late i.e. in early 1930 and was not severe in comparison to United States and other parts of the globe. In every country that was affected, deflation of prices became similar to what was being experienced in United States. Wholesale prices plummeted by a margin of 30% in all developed co untries from 1929 to 1933. The reason why Japan was least affected was due to the flexibility of its price structure. This is what led to the occurrence of a rapid deflation from 1930 to 1931. It was this occurrence that prevented production in Japan from remaining low for a long period of time. Much of the prices of primary products such as cotton, rubber and others were sliced by half from 1929 to 1930(Keylor, 2001). This led to a decline in terms of trade for anyone who dealt with products of such nature. Things began looking brighter in the mid 1930’s. Output had begun rebounding and in the spring of 1933, recovery began to be experienced everywhere. In between 1933 and 1937, United Sates GDP is recorded to have grown at a steady rate of 9% annually. However, things worsened in between 1937 and 1938 but this condition did not last for long since it was replaced by a period of increased prosperity at the end of 1938. The increase in output had stabilized by the end of 19 42. The economy of Great Britain began improving a couple of years later after abandoning the gold standard in late 1931(Keylor, 2001). The same applied for most economies in Latin American which attained full recovery at the beginning of 1932. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Great Depression crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the fall of the same year, the economy of Japan and Germany had begun rebounding. Most European countries and Canada had their recovery go hand in hand with that of the United States that began in early 1933 (Crossley et al., 2009). Some developed countries and France in particular took longer to recover. This is because this country experienced depression much later and recovery began taking place at the fall of 1938. Principle Causes of the Great Depression The great depression was triggered primarily by a reduction in spending or aggregate demand. This forced manufactu rers to shrink production after speculating a possible rise in inventories. Other causes that led to a reduction in aggregate demand followed throughout the depression period and the effects were transmitted from the United States which was in essence the ‘epicenter’ of the depression to the rest of the world courtesy of the gold standard system. Other countries had unique factors that contributed to the escalation of depression. The Crash of the Stock Market Too much speculation in the stock market led the United States government to act by tightening its monetary policy. This move sparked a decline in output immediately after it was enacted in 1929. The economy was performing fairly well prior to the tightening of the monetary policy. Mild recessions occurring in between 1924 and 1927 notwithstanding, the wholesale prices of goods continued to be stable for a whole decade. However, there were excesses in the stock market in that the prices of stocks were four times more at the end of the decade. In other words the stock prices were rising at an astronomical rate up from a low in 1921 and onto the peak that was reached by the close of 1929 (Findly Rothney, 2006). The Federal Reserve wanted to contain the spiraling stock prices and the stakeholders thought the best way to reach this end was to tighten monetary policy. This was in form of raising interest rates to a level that would make speculation to be difficult. The result was that sectors that were sensitive to interest rates drastically reduced their spending (borrowing). These sectors included real estate, automobile and construction industry. This led to a decline in production. According to Crossley et al., (2009) a boom in housing construction may have also led to excessive supply of housing that consequently led to a decline in construction by the close of 1929.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The foregoing events made it almost impossible to gauge stock prices against anticipations of future earnings. Thus, when a minor event triggered a gradual reduction of prices by the fall of 1929, investors were no longer willing to take any risk. This happened in October 1929 and the stock market bubble finally burst due to pressure exerted by the monetary policy. Investors due to panic began selling their stock at very low prices. This was sad mainly because most of the stock traded was bought using loans. The decline in stock prices was made worse by the fact that most investors were forced to liquidate their holdings (Findly Rothney, 2006). On what is commonly called black Thursday on October 24, 1929, the prices had fallen by a record margin of 33% on the Cowles Index. The magnitude of the decline was so huge that the event taking place on this particular day was given the name of the Great 1929 Crash (Duiker, 2007). American consumers were no longer capable of investing and in buying durable goods. The combined lack of spending by firms and individuals led to a sharp decline of output. Indeed, it was the great crash and the great depression combined with reduction of stock prices that led to unprecedented increase in unemployment and reduced output during this period (Keylor, 2001). The Run on the Bank and Monetary Policy By the close of 1930, great fear fell on all investors holding their money with the banks across the United States. The depositors due to widespread fear demanded their investments with the bank in the form of cash. Banks normally hold a small fraction of deposits in form of cash. Thus, when faced with a situation where all depositors want their money immediately, banks are left with no choice but to initiate a process of quick liquidation of loans. This kind of action is very harmful in that even the strongest of the banks can end up closing. There was a run on many banks across the United States from 1930 to 1932. The situation w as so severe that President Roosevelt decided to close all banks on the 6th of March 1933 (Adas, 2006). A bank would only be allowed to open after a rigorous process of vetting to ascertain its solvency. By the end of 1933, a third of the Banks in the United States had their doors closed permanently, never to open again. The United States Federal Reserve failed to act promptly in order to contain the run on the bank. Consequently, people held more money than what they had as bank deposits. This led to a 33% shortage of money supply in US from 1929 to 1933. The situation was aggravated by the Federal Reserves decision to contract money supply. Moreover, the Federal Reserve also raised interest rates thereby forcing most European countries including Britain to abandon the gold standard for the fear that the Dollar would as well be devalued. This led to a further reduction of money supply which in turn led to reduced output. The Gold Standard According to Adas (2006) the motive behind the contraction of money supply by the Federal Reserve was to try and preserve the gold standard system. This standard allowed individual countries to back their money in terms of gold. Under the system, an increase in demand of US products especially of stocks and bonds by foreign countries led to increased inflows of gold into the United States and vice versa. The contraction meant that there would be large amounts of gold flowing from foreign countries and into the US. This is true because Americans found it difficult to purchase foreign goods and the deflation experienced throughout the country provided foreigners with an opportunity to purchase US goods. Foreign countries reacted by raising their interest rates to counter possible US trade surplus and minimize the chances of weakening foreign currencies against the dollar. Thus, every other country that was privy to the gold standard systems was forced to reduce its money supply. Recovery To contain the ill effects of the gr eat depression, governments across the globe were forced to devalue their currencies and expand their monetary policies. Countries that were quick to devalue their currencies and quick to abandon the gold standard recovered relatively fast. Devaluation allowed countries to increase their money supplies with little regard to effects due to the exchange rates and the gold standard (Romer, 1992). However, recovery as a result of this action was quite slow in comparison to abandonment of the gold standard. The Federal Reserve relaxed its monetary policy by increasing money supply between the periods of 1933 to 1937 by a margin of 42% (Findly Rothney, 2006). This was possible because so much gold had found its way into the United States especially due to widespread instability that rocked Europe and that eventually led to the start of the Second World War. Similarly, other governments across the globe followed suit and increased their money supply. This was made possible by lowering i nterest rates to encourage borrowing and investments so as to stimulate the economy by increasing output. Countries like Japan and Germany used Fiscal policies to stimulate economic recovery. However, this did not work well with the United Sates. Spending due to military activities increased the supply of money in most countries that went to war. After the recovery, crucial measures were undertaken to cushion the depositor from losses in case a downturn of such a magnitude was to occur again in future. Banks were no longer allowed to trade in securities (Yetman, 2003). Furthermore, legislation was passed that allowed for the regulation of stock markets and banks were forthwith required to insure depositors’ money. The depositor insurance policy received global acceptance and it led to increased depositor confidence. Moreover, governments around the globe resolved to increase government spending to impede any possible depression (Eichengreen Sachs, 2008). Other measures such as reduction of taxes from time to time and monetary expansion would be used to curtail future deflationary effects. References Adas, M. (2006). Turbulent Passage: A Global History of the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Longman. Crossley, P. K., Lees, L. H., Servos, J. W. (2009). Global Society: The World since 1900. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Duiker, W. J., (2007). Contemporary World History. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Eichengreen, B., Sachs, J. (2008). Exchange Rates and Economic Recovery in the 1930s. Journal of Economic History 4 (5), 925-946. Findly, C. V., Rothney, J. A. M. (2006). The Great Depression and the Second World War. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Keylor, R. (2001).The Twentieth-Century World, 4th ed. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers. Romer, D. (1992). What Ended the Great Depression? Journal of Economic History. 52 (10), 757-784. Yetman, J. (2003). The credibility of the monetary policy. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.